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Neoplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

hst-1 and int-2 Oncogenes

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Cancer of stomach, breast, bladder and melanoma
  • Fibroblast growth factor
  • Overexpression
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2
Q 
sis Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Astrocytoma
  • Platelet derived growth factor
  • Overexpression
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3
Q

erb-B1 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Small cell carcinoma of lung
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor
  • Overexpression
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4
Q

erb-B2 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Breast, ovary and lung
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2-neu)
  • Amplification
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5
Q

erb-B3 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Breast
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor
  • Overexpression
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6
Q 
ret Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • MEN IIa and IIb, and familial thyroid (medullary) carcinoma
  • Glial neurotrophic factor receptor
  • Point mutation
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7
Q 
abl Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • CML and ALL
  • bcr-abl fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity
  • Translocation t(9;22)
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8
Q

Ki-ras Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Lung, pancreas and colon
  • GTP binding protein
  • Point mutation
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9
Q

C-myc Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Burkitt lymphoma
  • Nuclear regulatory protein
  • Translocation t(8;14)
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10
Q

L-myc Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Small cell lung carcinoma of lung
  • Nuclear regulatory protein
  • Amplification
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11
Q

N-myc Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Nuclear regulatory protein
  • Amplification
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12
Q

bcl-1 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Mantle cell lymphoma
  • Cyclin D protein
  • Translocation t(11;14)
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13
Q 
CDK4 Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Melanoma and glioblastoma multiforme
  • Cyclin dependent kinase
  • Amplification
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14
Q 
ALK Oncogene 
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Lung adenocarcinoma and anaplastic large cell lymphomas
  • Tyrosine kinase receptor
  • Translocation t(2;5)
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15
Q

Bcl-2 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphomas
  • Anti-apoptotic protein
  • Translocation t(14;18)
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16
Q 
BRAF Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Melanoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • B-Raf protein (serine/threonine-specific protein kinase)
  • Point mutation
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17
Q

c-KIT (CD117) Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • GI stromal tumor (GIST)
  • Cytokine receptor
  • Activating mutations
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18
Q 
JAK2 Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
  • Tyrosine kinase
  • Point mutation
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19
Q

APC Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer (associated with FAP)
  • None
  • Chrom. 5
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20
Q

BRCA-1 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
  • DNA repair protein
  • Chrom. 17
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21
Q

BRCA-2 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Hereditary breast cancer
  • DNA repair protein
  • Chrom. 13
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22
Q

CDKN2A Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Melanoma and pancreatic cancer
  • p16 (blocks G1 to S phase transmission)
  • Chrom. 9
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23
Q

DCC Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Colon cancer
  • Deleted in Colon Cancer (its name is like that!!!)
  • Chrom. 18
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24
Q

DPC4 (SMAD4) Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Pancreatic cancer
  • Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer (its name is like that!!!)
  • Chrom. 18
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25
MEN1 Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- MEN I - Menin - Chrom. 11
26
NF1 Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- Neurofibromatosis type 1 - Ras GTPase activating protein (neurofibromin) - Chrom. 17
27
NF2 Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- Neurofibromatosis type 2 - Merlin (schwannomin) protein - Chrom. 22
28
PTEN Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- Breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer - Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) - Chrom. 10
29
Rb Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma - Inhibits E2F (blocks G1 to S phase transmission) - Chrom. 13
30
TP53 Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- Most human cancers; Li-Fraumeni syndrome - p53 which activates p21 which blocks G1 to S phase transmission - Chrom. 17
31
TSC1 Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- Tuberous sclerosis - Hamartin protein - Chrom. 9
32
TSC2 Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- Tuberous sclerosis - Tuberin protein - Chrom. 16
33
VHL Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- von Hippel-Lindau disease and renal cell carcinoma - Inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a - Chrom. 3
34
WT1/WT2 Tumor suppressor gene | Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number
- Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) - Transcription factor with 4 zinc fingers that plays an important role in normal development of urogenital system - Chrom. 11
35
Keratin (Intermediate Filament) | Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression
- All epithelial cells | - Carcinomas
36
Vimentin (Intermediate Filament) | Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression
- Mesenchymal cells | - Sarcomas
37
Desmin (Intermediate Filament) | Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression
- Muscle cells | - Uterine leiomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma
38
Neurofilament (Intermediate Filament) | Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression
- CNS and PNS neurons, and neural crest derivatives | - Pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma
39
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (Intermediate Filament) (Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression)
- Glial cells | - Astrocytomas and ependymomas
40
``` Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (Tumor marker) (Associated tumor(s)) ```
- Metastases to bone or liver - Paget disease of bone - Seminoma (placental ALP)
41
Alpha-fetoprotein (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma - Hepatoblastoma - Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor - Mixed germ cell tumor Note: high levels in pregnancy is associated with neural tube and abdominal wall defects, while low levels is associated with Down syndrome
42
Beta-hCG (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
- Hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma (gestational trophoblastic disease) - Testicular cancer - Mixed germ cell tumor Note: produced by syncytiotrophoblasts of placenta
43
CA 15-3/CA 27-29 (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
Breast cancer
44
CA 19-9 (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
45
``` CA 125 (Tumor marker) (Associated tumor(s)) ```
Ovarian cancer
46
Calcitonin (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
47
CEA (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
- CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen - Very non-specific, but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers - Also produced by gastric, breast, and medullary thyroid carcinomas
48
PSA (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
- Prostate cancer | - BPH and prostatitis
49
P-glycoprotein
- Also known as multi-drug resistant protein 1 (MDR1) - Seen in adrenal cell carcinoma and other tumors - Pumps out toxin including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of decreased responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time)
50
``` Sarcomas metastases (Mechanism of spread) ```
Most of them spread hematogenously
51
``` Carcinomas metastases (Mechanism of spread) ```
Most of them spread via lymphatics except: - Hepatocellular carcinoma - Renal cell carcinoma - Follicular thyroid carcinoma - Choriocarcinoma
52
Secondary metastasis to Brain | Primary tumor(s), Important notes
- Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI - 50% of brain tumors are from metastasis. Commonly seen as multiple well circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter junction
53
Secondary metastasis to Liver | Primary tumor(s), Important notes
- Colon >> stomach > pancreas | - Liver and lung are the most common sites of metastasis after the regional lymph nodes
54
Secondary metastasis to Bone | Primary tumor(s), Important notes
- Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, and kidney - Bone metastasis are more more common than primary bone tumors. Metastasis from thyroid (lytic), kidney (lytic), prostate (blastic), breast (mixed), and lung (mixed)
55
Aflatoxins (Aspergillus) (Carcinogens) | Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)
- Liver | - Hepatocellular carcinoma
56
``` Alkylating agents (Carcinogens) (Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)) ```
- Blood | - Leukemia and lymphoma
57
``` Aromatic amines (e.g., benzidine, 2-naphthylamine) (Carcinogens) (Occupation, Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)) ```
- Dye makers and rubber workers - Bladder - Transitional cell carcinoma
58
Arsenic (Carcinogens) | Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)
- Liver (angiosarcoma) - Lung (lung cancer) - Skin (SCC)
59
Asbestos (Carcinogens) | Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)
- Lung | - Bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma
60
``` Carbon tetrachloride (Carcinogens) (Occupation, Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)) ```
- Dry cleaners - Liver - Centrilobular necrosis and fatty change
61
``` Cigarette smoke (Carcinogens) (Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)) ```
- Bladder (Transitional cell carcinoma) - Cervix (Cervical carcinoma) - Esophagus (Squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma) - Kidney (renal cell carcinoma) - Larynx (Squamous cell carcinoma) - Lung (Squamous cell and small cell carcinoma) - Pancreas (pancreatic adenocarcinoma) - Blood (leukemia [AML] due to benzene component)
62
Ethanol (Carcinogens) | Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)
- Esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma) - Liver (Hepatocellular carcinoma) - Oropharynx and larynx cancers
63
``` Ionizing radiation (Carcinogens) (Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)) ```
- Thyroid | - Papillary thyroid carcinoma
64
Nitrosamines (Smoked foods) (Carcinogens) | Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)
- Stomach | - Gastric cancer
65
Radon (Carcinogens) | Occupation, Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)
- Miners - Lung - Lung cancer (2nd leading cause after cigarette smoke)
66
``` Vinyl chloride (Carcinogens) (Occupation, Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)) ```
- Plastic industry (PVC) - Liver - Angiosarcoma
67
Oncogenic Microbes
- Bacteria: H. pylori (gastric cancer) and S. bovis (GI malignancies) - Viruses: * EBV (Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal, and thymic carcinoma) * Chronic HBV (Primary Hepatocellular carcinoma) * HCV (Primary Hepatocellular carcinoma) * HPV (Cervical carcinoma) * HTLV-1 (CD4+ T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) * HTLV-2 (Hairy cell leukemia) * HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma) - Fungi: Aspergillus (hepatocellular carcinoma) - Parasites: Clonorchis sinensis (hepatic cholangiocarcinoma) and Schistosoma haematobium (bladder squamous cell carcinoma)
68
Psammoma bodies | Definition and Examples
- Laminated, concentric spherules with dystrophic calcification - Seen in: * Papillary thyroid carcinoma * Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary * Meningioma * Malignant mesothelioma
69
S-100 (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
- Melanoma - Neural tumors - Astrocytomas
70
Bombesin (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
- Neuroblastoma | - Lung and gastric cancer
71
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Tumor marker) | Associated tumor(s)
Hairy cell leukemia
72
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (Carcinogens) | Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)
- Vagina | - Clear cell adenocarcinoma in offspring of mothers given the drug during pregnancy
73
``` Acanthosis nigricans (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) (Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)) ```
- Hyperpigmented velvety plaques in axilla and neck - Gastric adenocarcinoma and other visceral malignancies (but more commonly associated with obesity and insulin resistance)
74
Sign of Leser-Trelat (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) | Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)
- Sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses | - GI adenocarcinomas and other visceral malignancies
75
Hypercalcemia (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) | Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)
- Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) (Squamous cell carcinomas of lung, head and neck, renal, bladder, breast, and ovaries) - TGF-alpha (Renal cell carcinoma) - TNF-alpha (Breast carcinoma) - IL-2 (Multiple myeloma) - Increased 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 (calcitriol) (Lymphoma)
76
``` Cushing syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) (Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)) ```
- Increased ACTH or ACTH-like peptide | - Small cell lung cancer
77
Hyponatremia (SIADH) (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) | Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)
- Increased ADH or atrial natriuretic peptide | - Small cell lung cancer and intracranial neoplasms
78
Polycythemia (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) | Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)
- Increased erythropoietin | - Renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and leiomyoma
79
Pure red cell aplasia (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) | Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)
- Anemia with low reticulocytes | - Thymoma
80
``` Good syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) (Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)) ```
- Hypogammaglobulinemia | - Thymoma
81
``` Trousseau syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) (Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)) ```
- Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis | - Adenocarcinomas (especially pancreatic)
82
Non-bacterial thrombotic (marantic) endocarditis (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) (Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))
- Deposition of sterile platelet thrombi on heart valves | - Adenocarcinomas (especially pancreatic)
83
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) | Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)
- Psychiatric disturbance, memory deficits, seizures, dyskinesias, autonomic instability, and language dysfunction - Ovarian teratoma
84
Opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) (Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))
- "Dancing eyes, dancing feet" | - Neuroblastoma (children), and small cell lung cancer (adult)
85
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) (Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))
- Antibodies against Hu, Yo, and Tr antigens in Purkinje cells - Small cell lung cancer, gynecologic and breast cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma
86
``` Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) (Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)) ```
- Antibodies against Hu antigens in neurons | - Small cell lung cancer
87
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) | Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)
- Antibodies against presynaptic (P/Q-type) Ca++ channels at NMJ - Small cell lung cancer and thymoma
88
``` Myasthenia gravis (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) (Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)) ```
- Antibodies against postsynaptic ACh receptors at NMJ | - Thymoma
89
Acromegaly (Paraneoplastic Syndromes) | Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)
- Increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone - Carcinoid tumors and small cell lung cancer

Pathology (9 decks)

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