Neoplasia Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
This is endometrium. Which is hyperplastic? Is this pathological (what would cause it)
A
Right is hyperplasia –> physiologic hyperplasia
Due to increased hormones
2
Q
What would cause the thyroid gland to look like this
A
Compensatory or pathologic hyperplasia (due to iodine deficiency)
3
Q
What cellular changes are going on here?
A
Metaplasia - shift from normal columnar to squamous epithelium (from basement membrane - not change in mature cells)
4
Q
What’s a cause of bladder metaplasia
A
Vitamin A deficiency- change from transitional epithelium to squamous
5
Q
What causes dysplasia
A
Persistent irritation or inflammation
6
Q
What is abnormal pattern of tissue growth with atypical cells
A
Dysplasia
7
Q
Why are dysplasic tissues significant
A
Pre-neoplastic change!
8
Q
Label the cell changes. Which are cancerous?
A
5 and 6 are cancerous
9
Q
What is loss of cellular differentiation called
A
Anaplasia
10
Q
Is anaplasia reversible?
A
NO!
11
Q
Are anaplastic cells considered benign, malignant, or both?
A
Malignant
12
Q
What type of cells are these arrows pointing to
A
Anaplastic cells (can see mitotic figures too)
13
Q
Which cells are most, middle and least likely to undergo hyperplasia?
A
Most likely: epithelial cells (skin, hepatocytes, mucosa)
Medium likelihood: smooth muscle, bone, cartilage
Least likely: striated muscle
14
Q
Is metaplasia neoplastic ? Is it reversible
A
Not neoplastic
It is reversible
15
Q
You notice a growth to be pendunculated and encapsulated. It also appears to be expansile. Do these features suggest benign or malignant
A
Benign
16
Q
A growth is infiltatrive. Would you consider this to be malignant
A
Yes - infiltrative neoplasms are usually malignant
17
Q
What two growth behaviour features almost always indicate malignancy
A
Metastasis
Infiltrative
18
Q
Fill in the chart
A
19
Q
What are some gross features of a tumor that indicate malignancy
A
Necrosis
Hemorrhage
Both indicate its outgrown its blood supply
20
Q
Is this likely benign or malignant
A
Malignant
- Necrosis
- Hemorrhage
- Infiltrative (lack of distinct borders)
Biliary carcinoma
21
Q
Is this likely benign or malignant
A
Malignant
- Infiltrative (spleen is enlarged)
- Lymphoma*
22
Q
Is this likely benign or malignant
A
Malignant
- Invasive
- Hemangiosarcoma*
23
Q
Which is benign? Which is malignant?
A
Left: benign
- Distinct borders (not infiltrative)
- Pedunculated
Right: malignant
- Infiltrative
- No demarcation from surrounding tissue
- Necrotic
24
Q
Benign or malignant?
A
Malignant
- No demarcation
- Infiltrative
Oral fibrosarcoma
25
What neoplastic features are evident in this nasal cell carcinoma?
* Nests of cells
* Moderate amount of stroma
26
What evidence of neoplasia are in this adenocarcinoma?
* Acinar cells (tubular arrangment) --- *but ademoas are already tubular??*
* Scant stroma
* Necrosis --\> malignant
27
What evidence of neoplasia is here
* Sheets of spindle tumor cells surrounding normal tubular cells
28
What neoplastic feature is here
* Sheets of cells
* Little stroma
*Lymphoma*
29
Tumor cells are well differentiated with copious stroma. Based on these features, is this tumor benign or malignant?
Benign
30
Your report states a tumor had anaplastic cells. Is it likely benign or malignant
Malignant -- \*anaplastic usually means malignant!
31
Do malignant tumors often have a lot of stroma?
No - usually scant stroma
32
Fill in the blanks
33
Is a localized tissue benign or malignant
Benign
34
Is a locally invasive tumor benign or malignant
Malignant
35
Epithelial tumors include cells from which tissues (7)
1. Skin
2. Respiratory
3. GI
4. Urinary
5. Repro
6. Glands
7. Neuroectoderm --\> melanocytes
36
Benign epithelial tumors are called...
Non-glandular = **oma**
Glandular = **adenoma**
37
Malignant epithelial tumors are called
Non-glandular: **carcinoma**
Glandular: **adenocarcinoma**
38
Mesenchymal tumors are cells from which tissues (5)
1. Connective tissue
2. Muscle
3. Blood cells
4. Endothelial cells
5. Menigens, synovium
39
Shape of mesenchymal tumor cells
Spindle
40
Nomenclature of mesenchymal tumors
Benign = **oma**
Malignant = **sarcoma**
41
A **sarcoma** comes from which cells
Mesenchymal
42
A **carcinoma** comes from which cells
Epithelial
43
Is a glioblastoma benign or malignant
Malignant! (despite having 'oma')
44
Tumor of melanocytes in vet med
Malignant melanoma
45
Malignant tumor of blood cells
Leukemia
46
Are all mast cell tumors malignant
Yes - grade I to III
47
Name of a malignant tumor of plasma cells
Multiple myeloma
48
Whats a tumor that contains cells from mixed germ layers? Is it usually benign or malignant?
Teratoma
Benign
49
Whats a tumor that contains different cell types that originate from the same germ layer
Mixed-cell tumor
50
Name for benign and malignant cartilage tumors
Benign: **chondroma**
Malignant: **chrondosarcoma** (mesenchymal origin)
51
Name for benign and maligant hepatocyte neoplasms
Benign: **hepatoma**
Malignant: **hepatocellular carcinoma** (epithelial orign)
52
Name of benign and malignant sebaceous gland neoplasms
Benign: **sebacenous adenoma**
Malignant: **sebaceous adenocarcinoma**
53
When is a tumor grossly detectable
1cm (= 109 cells) - *after 30 rounds of reptition*
54
Stages of carcinogenesis (and what each stage produces)
1) Initiation: irreversible genetic changes to cell
* Target DNA
* Affects how cell replicates
* Produces an **initiated cell**
2) Promotion
* Factors that act on cell to promote growth
* Reversible
* Produces a **benign** or **preneoplastic growth**
3) Progression
* Produces malignant tumor
* Irreversible
55
T/F multiple mutations will always result in a malignancy
False
56
T/F - hyperplasia has to occur for a tumor to become malignant
False
57
What are normal cellular genes that regulate cell growth
Proto-oncogenes. When deregulated, they become oncogenes
58
Primary genes that are targeted in cancer (5)
Genes that:
1. Regulate cell growth *(proto-oncogenes)*
2. Inhibit cell growth *(tumor suppressor genes --\> results in uncontrolled proliferation)*
3. Regulate apoptosis *(increased life-span)*
4. Regulate DNA repair *(enhanced survival of cells with DNA damage)*
5. Promote cell movement *(invasion/metastasis)*
59
What type of metastasis
Implantation (transcoemic)
60
Which tumors commonly metastasize by implantation
**Carcinomas**, mesothiomas (malignant mesothelial cells lining serosal surfaces)
61
Which cancer type is spread hematogenously
**Sarcomas** (carcinomas tend to have own rich blood supply so dont invade blood vessels)
62
Does hemangious spread usually occur in veins or arteries? Why?
Veins - thinner walls, easier to penetrate
63
Which organ is a common site for metastasis
Lungs --\> blood vessels go there
64
Which tumor cells tend to metastatize by lymphatic
**Carcinomas**
| (some sarcoma)
65
Is an amellanoic melanocyte in a melanoma be more likely to be benign or mallignant
Malignant - non-functional cell
66
Are the cells in this lymph node malignant or benign
Malignant - different cells from lymphocytes, indicating metastasis
## Footnote
* Gastric adenocarcinoma cells in LN --\> node the glandular, epithelial cells*
* LNs should only have lymphocytes and WBCs*
67
Types of stroma in tumors (3)
1) Angiogenesis
2) Fibroplasia
3) Inflammation
68
How does tumor angiogenesis occur (3)
1) Tumors secrete pro-angionic factors
2) Tumors induce secretion from other cells
3) Hypoxia
69
Fibrous capsules are seen in benign or malignant tumors
Benign
70
Is inflammation associated with tumors protective?
No
71
Can inflammation cause neoplasia
Yes - ie sunburn
72
T/F - estrogen has been proven to increase the likelihood of mammary cancer in dogs and cats
True
73
What is the biggest cause of all mutations in human cancers
R mutations
*Copying errors -- random mistakes in DNA replication*
74
How many critical gene mutations are required before a cancer develops
2+
75
Chemicals are what type of carcinogens (initiator, promoter, progressor)
Initiator
76
Which organs tend to be targets of chemical carcinogens
Organs involved in metabolism --\> liver
## Footnote
*Indirect effet of chemicals: being activated*
77
Which fungus species produces a carcinogenic toxin
Aspergillus -- produces Aflatoxin B1
## Footnote
*Indirectly acting chemical carcinogen*
78
Whats a direct acting chemical carcinogen
Doesnt require metabolic activation.
Usually weak.
Includes drugs (+ cancer drugs - *Cyclosporin, Tomoxifen)*
79
What's p53
Tumor suppressor gene
80
Which plant causes bladder neoplasm in cows
Bracken fern toxicity - *chemical carcinogen*
81
Vaccine induced sarcomas are an example of what type of carcinogen
Chemical
82
Mechanisms for vaccine-associate sarcomas
Inflammation --\> fibroplasia ---\> neoplasm
83
Viruses that can be oncogenic (3)
1) Papillomavirus - *warts that can regress spontaneously or cause neoplasm*
2) Herpesvirus - *Marek's disease with neoplastic lymphocytes*
3) Retrovirus - *viral DNA into host genome. **BLV -** cause B-cell lymphoma; FeLV*
84
How is FeLV carcinogenic
Promoter of malignant transformation
2 ways
* Direct effect on viral host genome
* Immunosuppressive
85
Which parasite species is known to cause neoplasm
*Spirocerca lupi*
* Esophageal nematode causing granulomas in dogs
* Can cause esophageal fibrosarcoma or osteosarcoma
86
What are paraneoplastic syndromes
Systemic clinical signs caused by tumor products
ie - anorexia leading to cachexia
87
Most common paraneoplastic syndrome in animals
**Hypercalcemia of malignancy**
Stimulation of PTH to breakdown bones and increase renal tubular resorption
88
Paraneoplastic effect of mast cell tumors
Gastric ulcers (due to release of proteases, histamine and heparaine )
89
Tumor related causes of anemia
* Chemo
* Vascular damage caused by tumor
* Decreased erythropoiesis
* Erythrocyte fragmentation due to passage of RBCs through abnormal blood vessels (hemangiosarcomas)
90
Main immunological defense against tumor outgrowth
Innate immune system - NK cells and macrophages
91
How are NK cells activated to respond to tumors
IL-12 from macrophages
Interferons by virus-infected cells
92
Macrophages activated by which cytokine are especially effective against tumors
IFN-gamma
93
FeLV inserts which proteins on neoplastic T-cells?
**FOCMA**
Cats with antibodies to FOCMA are resistant to FeLV
94
Are granulosa cell tumors benign, malignant or both
Benign always
95
What do you call a benign squamous cell tumor
Papilloma
96
Which tumors cause hypercalemia? How?
**Lymphoma**
**Anal sac aprocine gland**
*Secrete PTH like substance*
97
What are risk factors for cancer \*\*
1. Hereditary (species, breed, sex, skin coat, pigment)
2. Age
3. Behaviour (sun exposure, biting, sexual behaviour)
4. Disease
