Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Define tumour

A

Swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed (opposite of hyperplasia).

Caused by cell growth which is not under control of normal regulatory mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Benign neoplasm

A

Cells grow as a compact mass and remain at their site of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Malignant neoplasm

A

Arise when growth of cells is uncontrolled. Cells spread into the surrounding tissue and can spread to distant sites via the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define cancer

A

A malignant growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 4 benign connective tissue neoplasms

A
Smooth muscle: Leiomyoma
Fibrous tissue: Fibroma
Bone: Osteoma
Cartilage: Chondroma
Fat: Lipoma
Nerve: Neurofibroma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant connective tissue neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign epithelial neoplasm of squamous and transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adenoma

A

Glandular epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasms

e.g. Skin: squamous cell carcinoma. Bowel: adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

State three differences in the behaviour of benign and malignant tumors

A
Benign: 
No invasion
No metastasis
Retain function
Variable growth rate, often low 
Malignant: 
Invade
Metastasise
Lose function
Variable growth rate, may be high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name two macroscopic differences between benign and malignant tumours

A

Benign:
Capsule
Well defined edge

Malignant:
Ill-defined margin
Haemorrhage
Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name two microscopic differences that are seen in benign and malignant tumours

A
Benign: 
Nuclear variation in size,    chromasia and shape minimal
Low mitotic count, normal mitoses
Retention of specialisation 
Structural differentiation retained
Organised
Expansile cohesive growth

Malignant:
Nuclear variation in size, chromasia and shape minimal to marked, often variable
Low to high mitotic count, abnormal mitoses
Loss of specialization
Structural differentiation shows wide range of changes
Not organised
Local invasion beyond normal boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the essential alterations required for malignancy?

A
Self Sufficiency in the absence of Growth Signals
Insensitivity to Negative Growth Signals
Defects in DNA Repair
Evasion of Apoptosis
Limitless Replicative Potential
Sustained Angiogenesis
Ability to Invade and Metastasise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dysplasia

A

Premalignant condition with increased cell growth, cellular atypia and altered differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In-situ malignancy

A

Epithelial neoplasm with features of malignancy:
altered cell growth, cytological atypia, altered differentiation

but no invasion through basement membrane