Neoplasia

Question 1

What is a neoplasm

Answer 1

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed

Question 2

Malignant neoplasm

Answer 2

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

Question 3

What is a tumour

Answer 3

Any clinically detectable lump or swelling

Question 4

Cancer

Answer 4

Malignant neoplasm

Question 5

Metastasis

Answer 5

Malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contigious site

Question 6

Dysplasia

Answer 6

A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation

Not neoplasticism as it is reversible

Question 7

Why are benign tumours rarely dangerous

Answer 7

Grow in a confined local area and so have a pushing outer margin

Question 8

Why are malignant tumours dangerous

Answer 8

They have a irregular outer margin and shape and may show areas of necrosis and ulceration

Question 9

What are anaplastic cells

Answer 9

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue

Question 10

How do benign tumour look microscopically

Answer 10

Closely resembles the parent tissue- well differentiated

Question 11

Pleomorphism

Answer 11

With worsening differentiation individual cells have increasing
nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, increased nuclear
staining (hyperchromasia), more mitotic figures and increasing
variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei

Question 12

High grade

Answer 12

Poorly differentiated

Question 13

What causes neoplasia

Answer 13

Accumulated mutations in somatic cells which are caused by initiators

Question 14

Monoclonal

Answer 14

All the cells of the neoplasm came from the same cell

Question 15

How to name benign neoplasms

Answer 15

End in -oma

Question 16

Malignant neoplasms end in

Answer 16

-carcinoma

Question 17

Epithelial malignant neoplasms end in

Answer 17

-carcinoma

Question 18

In situ

Answer 18

No invasion through epithelial basement membrane

Question 19

Invasive

Answer 19

Penetrated through basement membrane

Question 20

What is leukaemia

Answer 20

Malignant neoplasm of blood-forming cells arising in the bone marrow

Question 21

Myeloma

Answer 21

Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells

Question 22

How does metastasis occur

Answer 22

1. Grow and invade at primary site
2. Enter a transport system and lodge at secondary site
3. Grow at the secondary site to form a new tumour- colonisation

Question 23

What does invasion into surrounding tissue require

Answer 23

Altered adhesion

Stroma proteolysis

Motility

All these things create a carcinoma cell phenotype that appears like a mesenchymal cell so is called a epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Question 24

What does altered adhesion require

Answer 24

Reduction in E-Cadherin expression

Changes in tntegrin expression

Changes in actin cytoskeleton

Question 25

How can malignant cells transport to distant sites

Answer 25

1. Blood vessels via capillaries and ventless 2. Lymphatic vessels 3. Fluid in body cavities - transcoelomic spread

Question 26

Colonisation

Answer 26

MALIGNANT CELLS MUST GROW AT A SECONDARY SITE TO FORM A CLINICAL METASTASIS: AT A SECONDARY SITE MALIGNANT CELLS MUST GROW

Question 27

Micrometases

Answer 27

Surviving microscopic deposits that fail to grow

Question 28

What determines the site of secondary neoplasm

Answer 28

- regional draining of blood, lymph or coelom in fluid | - the seed and soil phenomenon

Question 29

How do carcinoma typically spread

Answer 29

lymphatics

Question 30

How do sarcomas usually spread

Answer 30

Blood stream

Question 31

Common sites of blood borne metastasis

Answer 31

Lung Bone Liver Brain

Question 32

Which neoplasms frequently spread to bone

Answer 32

``` Breast Bronchus Kidney Thyroid Prostate ```

Question 33

Local effects of neoplasm are due to..

Answer 33

Direct invasion and destruction of normal tissue Ulceration at a surface leading to bleeding Compression of adjacent structures and blocking tubes and orifices

Question 34

Systemic effects of neoplasm

Answer 34

Increasing tumour burden- parasitic effecr on host Secreted cytokines cause reduced appetite and weight loss, malaise, immunosuppresion, thrombosis

Question 35

micro-metastises

Answer 35

clinically undetectable groups of malignant cells. These micro-metastases can start to regrow after a period of time, which is what causes an apparently cured patient to relapse. This is also the reason why patients with cancer cannot donate their organs

Question 36

lymphomas

Answer 36

malignant neoplasms of lymphocytes mainly affecting Lymph nodes

Question 37

stromal malignant neoplasm

Answer 37

-sarcoma