Neoplasia – Chapter 7

Question 1

Cancers arising in mesenchymal tissues are called _______ whereas those arising from epithelial origins are called________.

Answer 1

Sarcomas
Carcinomas (p. 266)

Question 2

All tumors, benign and malignant, are composed of what two basic components?

Answer 2

Parenchyma and reactive stroma (p. 266)

Question 3

What are the criteria used to determine whether a tumor is benign or malignant?

Answer 3

1) Differentiation and anaplasia;
2) Rate of growth;
3) Local invasion;
4) Metastasis (p. 268-271; 274)

Question 4

What are the three pathways of cancer dissemination?

Answer 4

1) Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces;
2) Lymphatic spread;
3) Hematogenous spread; (p. 273)

Question 5

_____ ________ is the most common pathway for the initial spread of carcinomas.

Answer 5

Lymphatic spread (p. 273)

Question 6

define tumor grading and staging.

Answer 6

Grading of cancer is based on the degree of differentiation of the tumor cells and the number of mitoses or architectural features.
Staging of cancers is based on the size of the primary lesion, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, and the presence or absence of blood-borne metastasis. (p. 332)

Question 7

Which DNA viruses are thought to be capable of inducing neoplastic transformation?

Answer 7

Human papillomaviruses, Epstein Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) (p. 326-329)

Question 8

What constitutes paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 8

Symptom complexes in cancer-bearing patients that cannot readily be explained, either by the local or distant spread of the tumor or by the elaboration of hormones indigenous to the tissue from which the tumor arose
Examples: Cushing syndrome, hypercalcemia, acanthosis nigricans, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. (p. 330)

Question 9

is defined as the constellation of profound weakness, anorexia, anemia, and wasting.

Answer 9

Cachexia (p. 330)