Neoplasia Diagnosis and Prognosis Flashcards
(30 cards)
Name 4 methods used in cancer diagnosis
- Grading
- Tumour type
- Stage
- Specialist molecular techniques (clonality assays, cytogenetic analysis, pedigree analysis)
A physical examination of the tumour should include; s___/s___, d______, a____ to tissues, t____, c_____ and t___ of development
A physical examination of the tumour should include size/shape, distribution, adherence to tissues, texture, colour and time of development
Name the 6 main gross characteristics you should asses in a physical exam of a tumour.
- Time of development/duration of lesion
- Colour
- Distribution
- Texture/firmness/consistency
- Size/shape
- Adherence to tissues
What 3 things should be considered when doing a physical examination of the tumour host animal?
- Condition
- Clinical signs
- Metastases location
What are 3 additional tests that can be done to diagnose tumour in an animal?
- Imaging
- CBC and biochemistry
- Serology
What is a serology used to test for in a tumour diagnosis?
Viral isolation
How can a CBC and biochemistry can be used to aid in cancer diagnosis?
Localisation of disease
Organ dysfunction
When doing a cytology to do a microscopic examination of a tumour, what 3 questions should you investigate?
- Pathological process?
- Cell of origin?
- Benign or malignant?
What are the 3 characteristics of malignancy are assessed in a biopsy?
- Invasiveness/metastases
- Degree of differentiation
- Mitotic number and abnormal forms
What 2 cautions should be assessed when looking at a tumour biopsy?
- Necrotic centres
2. Surrounding host inflammation or desmoplasia
What is desmoplasia?
Growth of fibrous/connective tissue
The cell a______ and a______ must be visualised in a biopsy to assess a tumour
The cell architecture and arrangement must be visualised in a biopsy to assess a tumour
Name the 3 main types of tumour cells of origin found in a biopsy
- Round
- Spindle
- Epithelial
What 2 stains are commonly used in histochemical staining to examine a tumour?
- Periodic acid–Schiff
2. Toluidine blue
What is the PAS stain used to highlight?
Carbohydrates/glandular secretions
What is the toluidine blue stain used to highlight?
Mast cell granules
What 3 cell feature are used to predict biological behaviour of tumours?
- Cell differentiation
- Mitotic index
- Degree of necrosis
What are 2 generalizations made for a low grade tumours?
- Well differentiated
2. Resemble a normal adult cell
What is the main generalisation made for high grade tumours?
Poorly differentiated
Name 4 features that can be observed in a malignant tumour
- Pleomorphism
- Anaplasia
- Bizarre forms of mitosis
- Multinucleation
- Arrangement
Staging of a tumour describes what?
Extent of growth and spread of tumour
The TNM scoring system is used to stage tumours. What does TNM stand for?
T= tumour size N= lymph node involvement M = metastases present
Incisional sampling is used for …….
diagnosis
Excisional sampling is performed with the intent of complete ______ of mass
Excisional sampling is performed with the intent of complete removal of the mass
