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Neoplasia Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasms

A

New growths

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2
Q

Benign tumors

A

Does not invade or metastasize (ex: Lipoma) most of these tumors end in -Oma

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3
Q

Malignancies

A

Invade metastasize

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4
Q

Harmartomas

A

Overgrowths. Build up of epithelial tissue and collagen in lung

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5
Q

Tissue of origin: Epithelium

A

Carcinoma

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6
Q

Tissue of Origin: Messenchymal Tissue

A

Sarcom

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7
Q

Tissue of Origin: Blood

A

Leukemia

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8
Q

Tissue of Origin: Lymphoid Tissue

A

Lymphoma

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9
Q

What is the Stroma?

A

It is the connective tissue for cancer and is not malignant

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10
Q

What is the origin of blastoma?

A

Blast cells

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11
Q

What is mesenchyme tissue?

A

Derivative of the mesoderm that produces connective tissue, fat, musculoskeletal tissue and blood/fat tissue. Sarcomas and leukemias/lymphomas are mesenchymal tumors.

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12
Q

What is the origin of glioma?

A

Glial cells

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13
Q

What is the origin of lymphoma?

A

Lymphoid cells

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14
Q

What is the origin of melanoma?

A

Melanocytes

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15
Q

What is the origin of mesothelioma?

A

Mesothelioma (lining of abdominal, pleural, and pericardial cavities)

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16
Q

What is the origin of seminoma?

A

Germ Cells (testicular)

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17
Q

What is the origin of teratoma (sometimes benign)?

A

germ cells (multiple germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

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18
Q

What is the origin of choristoma?

A

(tissue that is out of place (heterotopic); e.g., pancreas in stomach)

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19
Q

Surgical pathology

A

Diagnosis of disease by gross examination, histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and other methods

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20
Q

Cytopathology

A

Diagnosis of disease by microscopic analysis of cells and cellular aggregates

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21
Q

Autopsy pathology

A

Diagnosis of disease in deceased patients by gross examination,
histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and other
methods

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22
Q

Define Gross pathology

A

Findings from unmagnified (naked eye) examination of specimens (colon: tan, 2 cm polyp)

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23
Q

Define histopathology

A

Findings from the microscopic examination of stained tissues (esophagus, distal, biopsy: adenocarcinoma)

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24
Q

Cytopathology

A

Findings from the microscopic examination of
individual cells or groups of cells (e.g., Pap smear showing
cervical carcinoma)

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25
Molecular pathology
findings from the examination of the DNA and/or RNA of specimens (e.g., ductal carcinoma of breast showing HER2 amplification)
26
Key microscopic features of malignancy
Nuclear irregularities (atypical): - Irregular contours (jagged, notched) - Increased size (nucleus to cytoplasm ratio) - Large and or multiple nucleoli - “open” chromatin or hyper chromatic (dark from too much chromatin) Overall patter: -Invasion into surrounding tissues -irregular 3-D structures
27
What does Grade mean?
Degree of differentiation of the tumor - Low grade: well - differentaiated (looks like tissue of origin) - High grade: poorly differentiated (looks less like tissue of origin) to undifferentiated (anaplastic)
28
What does Stage mean?
Anatomical extent of the tumor - designation: “T__ N__ M__” where T = tumor size/extent, N = nodal status, and M = metastasis
29
Tissue name based on origin: fat
Benign: lipoma Malignant: liposarcoma
30
Tissue name based on origin: smooth muscle
Benign: leiomyoma Malignant: leiomyosarcoma
31
Tissue name based on origin: glandular epithelium
Benign: adenoma Malignant: adenocarcinoma
32
Three main ways cancer can metastasize
Hematogenous Lymphatic transcoelomic (pericardial, peritoneal, and pleural cavities)
33
Sporadic cancers
Are somatic cells that have mutations due to exposure to chemicals/radiation
34
Familial Cancer
Are from germ line cells that are exposed to chemicals/radiation
35
Define Exome
The entire coding sequence of the genome
36
What is transcoelomic metastasis?
When cancer travels through peritoneal fluid
37
Which mutation is a tumor suppressor
TP53
38
What is clonal evolution?
Accumulating mutations turn normal cells to cancerous cells
39
What is driver mutation?
Leads to malignancy
40
What is passenger mutations?
No effect on carcinogenesis
41
Too much BCL2 does what?
allows tumor cells to avoid apoptosis. Ex follicular lymphoma
42
Hallmark I
cancer cells avoid apoptosis
43
Hallmark 2
cancer cells use growth signaling pathways
44
Hallmark 3
cancer cells escape control of growth
45
What is the RB protein?
prevents cancer cells from going through G1 to S phase
46
What is retinoblastoma?
A rare intraocular tumor caused mutation of RB
47
Two hit model shows what?
That cancer cells needs to knock out both copies of a tumor suppressor gene to get a malignancy
48
Hallmark 4
Tumors grow their own blood supply
49
What is the angiogenic switch?
A therapeutic target
50
Hallmark 5
Cancer cells divide without end
51
What is the action of p53?
Shuts down the cell division when telomeres are too short to protect itself from becoming a cancer cell
52
What happens when there is little to no telomerase activity?
Shortening telomeres -> senescence
53
What happens when there is high telomerase activity?
Shortening telomeres - > telomeres restored - > immortalization
54
Hallmark 6
Cancer cells invade and spread
55
Action of E-cadherin loss and matrix metalloproteinases
Allows invasion
56
Define heterotypic signaling
communication between tumor cells and normal cells
57
Warburg effect
Cancer cells (even when there's O2 present) only use glycolysis
58
Why do cancer cells use warburg effect?
it helps make the macromolecules that they need to grow
59
What happens with TGF Beta?
The cancer cells turn it off so they cannot be detected by immune cells
60
Loss of APC can lead to?
Familial adenomatous polyposis FAP, very high risk. Tx prophylactic colectomy
61
KRAS mutations
Most frequent; predict decreased responsiveness to monoclonal AB therapy against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
62
Melanoma Characteristics
Irregular border, multiple colors, nodularity. About half of melanomas have BRAF mutations.
63
Action of kinase inhibitors
Inhibit BRAF
64
What virus causes primary effusion lymphoma and Kaposi Sarcoma?
Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)
65
What virus causes Burkitt lymphoma?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
66
What virus causes Cervical Carcinoma?
HPV
67
What virus causes hepatocellular carcinoma?
Hepatitis B virus, Hep C virus
68
How does HPV cause cervical cancer?
Protein E6 binds to p53 and protein EL7 binds to RB which causes proliferation

Pathology (14 decks)

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