Neoplasm

Question 1

What is a metastatic cancer

Answer 1

Cancers that would form in one place and would then move to another

Question 2

What are the five steps of metastasis

Answer 2

Breaks through the matrix
Invasion
Transport
Movement to the organ or tissue
Colonisation

Question 3

What are the stages I’m the cell invasion

Answer 3

Digestion of the matrix (by the Metalloproteinase enzymes - MMP)
The cell adhesion
The cell mobility

Question 4

How would the cells attach to each other and the membrane

Answer 4

Each other - cadherins
The membrane - intergrins

Question 5

Where would the cancer cells comes form

Answer 5

The epithelial lining of tissues

Question 6

What is EMT

Answer 6

Epithelium to mesenchymal transition
The epithelial cells would move from the walls of the embryo to the centre

Question 7

What is the transforming phenotype of the cancer cells

Answer 7

Change in the phenotype of the cells as they would become cancerous
- loss in the densit of the cell
- loss in the contractility of the cell

Question 8

What does the MMP enzyme do

Answer 8

Breaks down the extracellular matrix
Zinc (cofactor) and calcium dependent

Question 9

How would MMP be regulated

Answer 9

Transcription
The increase or the decrease would control the amount of the enzyme and then how much would be broken down

Question 10

How does cell mobility occur

Answer 10

Lamellopods would be the edge of the cell
Attach to new and leave from old adhesion sites
Would use the actin and the myosin fibres and so would need GTP

Question 11

What is needed for the cell mobility

Answer 11

RHO GTPase
Kinase enzymes and chain reactions allow the GTP to be made

Question 12

What is the relation between intergins and MMP

Answer 12

Intergins can effect the transcription of the MMPs
Allows to increase

Question 13

What are the mobility promoting factor s

Answer 13

Autotaxins
Insulin like growth factor 2
Hepatocyte growth factor

Question 14

What are the transport paths

Answer 14

Blood
Lymphatics
Coelemic spaces

Question 15

What are the Coelemic spaces

Answer 15

Spaces in the organs

Question 16

What organs are mainly effected by the metastasis

Answer 16

Brain
Bone marrow
Liver
Lungs

Question 17

Where would a metastasis from the prostate and/or breast go

Answer 17

Liver
Lungs
Bone
Brain

Question 18

Where would a metastasis from the pancreas go

Answer 18

Liver
Lungs

Question 19

Where would a metastasis from the colon go

Answer 19

Bone
Liver
Lungs

Question 20

What is colonisation

Answer 20

The cancer would establish itself when survives
Micro metastases To macro metastases
When large amount of micro-metastases’ would have the higher chance of Cancer

Question 21

What is the local effect of the malignant tumours

Answer 21

Effect the surrounding areas
Move to hollow or the obstructed areas
Move to the blood vessels, lymph’s and nerves

Question 22

What is the local effect of the benign tumours

Answer 22

Compression on areas
Pressure atrophy if muscles or tissues
Altered organ function
Can also occupy the hollow or obstructed areas

Question 23

What can haematological neoplasms cause

Answer 23

Anaemia (ulceration in the bone marrow)
Low white blood cell and platelets
Thrombosis (CARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS)

Question 24

What can a neoplasm of the endocrine organs cause

Answer 24

Excessive secretion of hormones
Ectopic hormone secretion
(ACTH BY THE SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER)

Question 25

What can the neuromuscular neoplasms cause

Answer 25

Sensory, balance and sensorimotor issues Myopathy (weakness in muscles) and myasthenia (autoimmune tat causes the weakness) Multifocal leucoencephalopathies (effecting the white brain matter)

Question 26

What is the pleomorphism of the cancer

Answer 26

When you would have the irregular size and shape of the nuclei

Question 27

What is the hyperchromasim of the cancer

Answer 27

Increased staining of the cancer

Question 28

What is the difference between the invasive and insitu cancers

Answer 28

invasive woild move through the basement membrane of the cell the non-invasive would be on the membrane (would have the loss of stratification if would be on the epithelium)

Question 29

What is a papilloma

Answer 29

Tumours that would have the finger like projections

Question 30

What types of tumours would be papilloma

Answer 30

Transitional membrane Tumours Squamous cell tumour Basal layer tumours

Question 31

What would grading show

Answer 31

The level of differenciation

Question 32

What would be involved in the bloom-Richardson grading

Answer 32

- mitosis (how many mitosis divisions would there be) - tubules (what is the % of tubules in the worst area) - nuclear pleomorphism

Question 33

What is a sarcoma

Answer 33

Malignant cancer other came from the mesenchymal tissues (The connective tissue)

Question 34

What is a carcinoma

Answer 34

Malignant tumour of the epithelium

Question 35

What is the adenoma

Answer 35

Benign cancer from the glandular tissue

Question 36

What is the definition of a neoplasm

Answer 36

The abnormal growth of the cells that would persist after the stimulus has been removed

Question 37

What are the oncogenes

Answer 37

The mutated proto-oncogenes (from the point mutation) Would cause the continuous abnormal cell growth

Question 38

What test would be used to show that the neoplasms would be monoclonal (come from a single cell)

Answer 38

The x-linked G6PD enzyme Would have Chromosome X inactivation All the neoplastic cells would be maternal or paternal

Question 39

What is a Leiomyoma

Answer 39

Cancer of the smooth muscle

Question 40

What is the lipoma

Answer 40

Cancer of the adipose tissue

Question 41

What is the chrondroma

Answer 41

The cancer of the cartilage

Question 42

What types of tissue would be mesenchymal and so would be the SARCOMAS

Answer 42

Smooth muscle Straited muscle Adipose tissue Blood vessels Bone Cartilage Mesothelium Synovium

Question 43

What is a melanoma

Answer 43

Cancer of the skin (would show as pigmented areas)

Question 44

What is a benign tumour of the epithelium called

Answer 44

The papilloma (Would have the finger lime projections)