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Mechanisms of Disease > Neoplasm > Flashcards

Neoplasm Flashcards

0
Q

Define malignant neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed which invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

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1
Q

Define neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after original stimulus is removed

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2
Q

Define tuumour

A

A clinically detectable lump or swelling.

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3
Q

Define metastasis

A

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site. The original location is the primary site and the place to which it has spread is a secondary site.

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4
Q

Define dysplasia?

Why is this different to neoplasm?

A

A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation.
It is not neoplastic because the change is reversible.

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5
Q

How do benign and malignant neoplasms differ?

A

Benign neoplasms remain confined to their site of origin and do not produce metastases. Malignant neoplasms have the potential to metastasise.

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6
Q

Why are benign tumours usually safer?

A

They grow in a confined local area and so have a pushing outer margin, which limits them making them safer

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7
Q

Why are malignant tumours usually more dangerous?

A

They have an irregular outer margin (grow faster than vascularisation) and shape and may show areas of necrosis and ulceration (if on a surface).

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8
Q

How do benign and malignant tumours appear histologically?

A

A benign neoplasm has cells that closely resemble the parent tissue, i.e. they are well differentiated. Malignant neoplasms range from well to poorly differentiated.

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9
Q

What is anaplastic tissue?

A

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue.

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10
Q

What is nuclear hyperchromasia?

A

Staining of nucleus (can be used to see increasing nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio)

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11
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

Mitotic figures and increasing variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei.

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12
Q

What is a grade?

What is the significance of this clinically?

A

Grades are used to rate how well differentiated tissues are.
A higher grade means that the tissue is poorly differentiated, therefore there is a shorter prognosis

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13
Q

What are initiators and promoters?

A

Initiators are mutagenic agents

Promoters cause cell proliferation

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14
Q

What is progression?

A

When a neoplasm arises from a monoclonal population

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15
Q

How do we know neoplasms are monoclonal?

A

A collection of cells is monoclonal if they all originated from a single founding cell - G6DP tissue in women (lyonisation - results in neoplastic tissues which are either all paternal or maternal)

16
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Activated proto oncogenes (usually activated abnormally in cancer) favouring neoplasm formation

17
Q

What role do tumour suppressor genes have?

A

Tumour suppressor genes, which normally suppress neoplasm formation, become inactivated during neoplasm formation

18
Q

How do you name benign tumours?

A

Benign neoplasms ends in –oma.

19
Q

How do you name malignant tumours?

A

Malignant tumours end in –carcinoma if it is an epithelial malignant neoplasm, which constitute 90% malignant tumours, or –sarcoma if it is a stromal malignant neoplasm.

20
Q

What types of carcinoma are there?

A

Carcinomas can be in-situ (no invasion of epithelial basement membrane) or invasive (penetrated through basement membrane).

21
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Leukaemia is a malignant neoplasm of blood-forming cells arising in the bone marrow.

22
Q

What are germ line neoplasms?

A

Germ cell neoplasms arise from pluripotent cells, mainly in the testis or ovary.

23
Q

What are neuroendocrine tumours?

A

Neuroendocrine tumours arise from cells distributed throughout the body.

24
Q

What are blastomas?

Who are they commonly found in?

A

Mainly found in children and are formed from immature precursor cells, e.g. nephroblastoma.

25
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms of lymphocytes, mainly affecting lymph nodes.

26
Q

Name some benign epithelial neoplasms with examples

A

Stratified squamous - squamous papilloma (any tumour with finger-like projections) – e.g. skin, buccal mucosa
Transitional - transitional cell papilloma – e.g. Bladder mucosa
Glandular - adenoma – e.g. adenomatous polyp of the colon

27
Q

Name some malignant epithelial neoplasms

A

Stratified squamous - squamous cell carcinoma: skin, larynx, oesophagus, lung etc
Transitional - transitional cell carcinoma: bladder, ureters
Glandular - adenocarcinoma: stomach, colon, lung, prostate, breast, pancreas, oesphagus, others
Other - basal cell carcinoma and melanoma: skin

28
Q

Name some benign connective tissue neoplasms

A 
Smooth muscle - leiomyoma
Nerves - neuroma 
Nerve sheath - neurofibroma
Fibrous tissue - fibroma
Bone - osteoma
Cartilage - chondroma
Glial cells - glioma
Fat - lipoma
29
Q

Name some malignant connective tissue neoplasms

A 
Smooth muscle - leiomysarcoma
Fibrous tissue - fibrsarcoma
Bone - ostesarcoma
Cartilage - chondrosarcoma
Glial cells - malignant glioma
Fat - liposarcoma
30
Q

Name some benign lymphoid and haemopoietic neoplasms

A

There are no benign ones!

31
Q

Name some malignant lymphoid and haemopoietic neoplasms

A

Lymphoid = lymphoma (B and T) - occurs in lymphoid tissue, usually in lymph nodes, Hodgkins Disease & Non Hodgkins lymphoma
Haematopoietic = acute and chronic leukaemia - occurs in bone marrow and abnormal cells then enter blood

32
Q

Name some germ line neoplasms

A

Testis - malignant teratoma, seminoma (a malignant neoplasm)
Ovary - benign teratoma = dermoid cyst

33
Q

Give some examples of neuroendocrine tumours

A

Carcinoid tumours (various organs)
Phaeochromocytoma (adrenal)
Small cell carcinoma of bronchus

34
Q

What is a myeloma?

A

Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells

35
Q

How can colon cancer appear as an emergency?

A

Septicaemia

36
Q

What is a fibroid?

A

A tumour in the uterus. Usually benign but can be dangerous because they give the uterus a bigger surface area thus can give rise to malignancies

Mechanisms of Disease (8 decks)

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