Neoplasm- Dr. Fischer

Question 1

Two basic components of tumors

Answer 1

Tumor parenchyma

Reactive stroma

Question 2

Tumor parenchyma

Answer 2

neoplastic cells

Question 3

reactive stroma

Answer 3

• Connective tissue, includes fibrous tissue, blood vessels and inflammatory cells
• In many malignant tumors connective tissue contains abundant collagen and is firm: Desmoplasia (desmoplastic stroma)

Question 4

Fibrous tissue benign

Answer 4

fribroma

Question 5

adipose tissue benign

Answer 5

lipoma

Question 6

cartilage benign

Answer 6

chondroma

Question 7

bone benign

Answer 7

osteoma

Question 8

blood vessels benign

Answer 8

hemangioma

Question 9

lymph vessels bengin

Answer 9

lymphangioma

Question 10

smooth muscle benign

Answer 10

leiomyoma

Question 11

striated muscle bengin

Answer 11

rhabdomyoma

Question 12

fibrous tissue malignant

Answer 12

fibrosarcoma

Question 13

adipose tissue malignant

Answer 13

liposarcoma

Question 14

cartilage malignant

Answer 14

chondrosarcoma

Question 15

bone malignant

Answer 15

osteosarcoma

Question 16

blood vessels malignant

Answer 16

angiosarcoma

Question 17

lymph vessels malignant

Answer 17

lymphangiosarcom

Question 18

smooth muscle malignant

Answer 18

leiomyosarcoma

Question 19

striated muscle malignant

Answer 19

rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 20

benign tumors from glands

Answer 20

adenoma

Question 21

benign epithelial that make fingerlike projections

Answer 21

papilloma

Question 22

benign cystic masses

Answer 22

cystadenoma

Question 23

benign projections above mucosal surface

Answer 23

polyp

Question 24

malignant tumors from glands

Answer 24

adenocarcinoma

Question 25

malignant squamous epithelium

Answer 25

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 26

malignant kidney cells

Answer 26

renal cell carcinoma

Question 27

malignant liver cells

Answer 27

hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 28

fibroadenoma

Answer 28

- benign neoplasm of breast | - biphasic: derived from fibroblasts and glandular tissue

Question 29

teratoma

Answer 29

- tumor arising from totipotent germ cells in testis or ovaries - can form somatic tissues derived from all three germ layers

Question 30

seminoma

Answer 30

in testis

Question 31

local invasion types

Answer 31

- Benign: circumscribed | - malignant: infiltrative, locally invasive

Question 32

well differentiated

Answer 32

tumor closely resembles original tissue

Question 33

poorly differentiated

Answer 33

little or no resemblance to original tissue

Question 34

anaplastic

Answer 34

no resemblance to original tissue

Question 35

dysplasia

Answer 35

- Loss of architectural orientation - Loss of uniformity - Nuclear pleomorphism - Large hyperchromatic nuclei with high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio - Disordered growth - Most common in epithelial organs - Can be precursor lesion to invasive cancer - Dysplasia: intact BM - Invasive cancer: breach

Question 36

Rate of growth and proliferation

Answer 36

- Benign usually slow, malignant usually fast → not reliable predictor - Tumor necrosis is feature of malignant tumors - Rapidly growing cancers may outgrow blood supply and cause ischemia and tumor necrosis

Question 37

Metastatic cascasde

Answer 37

- Cells cross BM and invade vessel - Can travel in bloodstream, lymph, and along nerves - Colon cancer likes to metastasize to the liver

Question 38

once cells acquire enough damage to leave and become malignant

Answer 38

- loss of e-cadherins - loss of contact and communication - degrade underlying matrix (collagenases and can release GF) - use different set of integrins to adhere and migrate and invade

Question 39

EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT)

Answer 39

- To acquire motility and invasiveness cancer cells increase and decrease gene expression - Downregulate epithelial markers (e-cadherin) - Increase mesenchymal markers like vimentin and smooth muscle actin - Favors pro-migratory phenotype - SNAIL and TWIST transcription factors (Repressors for e-cadherin)

Question 40

SEED AND SOIL

Answer 40

Many tumors arrest in first capillary bed they encounter Primary tumors preferentially metastasize to certain sites - Colon carcinoma to liver - Prostate carcinoma to bone - Lung cancer to adrenal glands Organ tropism of cancer - Endothelial cells at metastatic sites may express adhesion molecules or chemokines - Microenvironment may express chemokines that attract cancer cells

Question 41

tumor microenvironment components

Answer 41

``` Cancer cells Cancer associated fibroblasts Pericytes Endothelial Tumor promoting inflammatory cells Extracellular matrix ```

Question 42

Tumor microenvironment makes use of

Answer 42

``` Proteases TGF-beta HGF PDGF VEGF Ang-1 Etc ```