Neoplasm I Flashcards
(24 cards)
How differentiated are benign tumour cells?
Well differentiated.
What is a neoplasm?
Abnormal growth of cells that persists after the stimulus has been removed.
What direction does a benign tumour grow in?
Outwards (exophitic)
What is a pseudocapsule?
A compression of normal tissue around a benign tumour.
When can benign tumours be dangerous?
Dependent on site eg brain tumours could have dangerous effects.
How differentiated are malignant neoplasms?
Undifferentiated.
Define anaplastic.
The cells are so undifferentiated that they do not resemble any cell type.
What is dysplasia?
Abnormal differentiation of cells
Is dysplasia reversible?
Yes, but at a certain point it becomes irreversible and this is when it becomes cancerous
What do malignant neoplasms look like?
Different colours Asymmetry Undifferentiated Necrosis Ulceration
What direction do malignant neoplasms grow in?
Inwards (endophytic)
What is Pleomorphism?
The ability to vary in size and shape of cells and all their nuclei. Therefore changes in differentiation.
More Pleomorphic means less differentiated
What is metastasis?
When malignant cells spread and invade other tissues.
What is the primary site of a malignant tumour?
The tumours original site.
What is the secondary site of a tumour?
Where the tumour spreads to.
How differentiated is a low grade tumour?
Very
How differentiated is a high grade tumour?
Not at all
What can cause mutations?
Initiators
Can be inherited too
What are examples of initiators?
Infections
Chemicals
Radiation
What are promoters?
Cause cell proliferation.
What are proto oncogenes?
Normal cell growth genes that can be activated into oncogenes by a mutation.
What are oncogenes?
Activated proto oncogenes that cause excess proliferation.
What are tumour suppressor genes?
Genes that prevent excessive cell growth.
They can be inactivated.
What causes a monoclonal population to form?
A combination of promoters and initiators. Progression causes a neoplasm to form.
