Neoplasm II

Question 1

What main cancer can HPV cause? In addition, what other cancer can it cause, particularly in males?

Answer 1

Cervical Cancer

Head/Neck Cancers

Question 2

Which virus is associated with lymphomas, specifically Burkitt, Hodgkin, and non-hodgkin as well as nasopharngeal carcinoma?

Answer 2

EBV - Epstein Barr virus

Question 3

What virus is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?

Answer 3

HHV8

Question 4

Which bacteria can cause gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma?

Answer 4

Helicobacter pylori

Question 5

What is the single most important factor contributing to premature death in the US and implicated in cancers in almost every organ?

Answer 5

Smoking

Question 6

What type of cancer does alcohol consumption increase the risk of? For alcoholics?

Answer 6

Oropharynx

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 7

Unopposed exposure to estrogen increases which two types of cancer?

Answer 7

Breast

Endometrium

Question 8

What are three environmental carcinogens?

Answer 8

Chemical
UV lights
Irradiation

Question 9

At what point in life do most carcinomas occur?

Answer 9

The later years

Question 10

Do men or women have a smaller range of main cause of death from cancer? What is it?

Answer 10

Men - 60-79 years

Women - 40-79 years

Question 11

Which population are round blue cell tumors more common in? What are some examples of blue cell tumors?

Answer 11

Pediatric population
Acute leukemia
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastoma

Question 12

Chronic inflammation results in what three cell characteristics/traits that predispose carcinomas?

Answer 12

Celll proliferation
Metaplasia
Reactive oxygen species

Question 13

What chemical is present in Aspergillus mold in nuts? What cancer can it lead to?

Answer 13

Aflatoxin B

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 14

What are two molecular targets of chemical carcinogens in DNA?

Answer 14

RAS

p53

Question 15

Which two types of cancer can be caused by ionizing radiation?

Answer 15

Leukemia

Thyroid carcinoma

Question 16

Which type of genetic damage is at the heart of carcinogenesis?

Answer 16

Nonlethal

Question 17

What are 4 classes of normal regulatory genes that are targets of cancer-causing mutations?

Answer 17

Growth-promoting oncogenes
Growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate apoptosis
Genes involved in DNA repair

Question 18

Which type of genes are normal and function in the regulation of cell cycle and participate in pathways that drive proliferation?

Answer 18

Proto-oncogenes

Question 19

How do oncogenes relate to proto-oncogenes?

Answer 19

Mutated versions

Question 20

What do oncogenes encode? What do they resemble? What do they do?

Answer 20

Oncoproteins
Normal products
Promote cell growth in absence of normal growth signals

Question 21

What are 4 main classes of pro-growth oncoproteins? What is an important example for the last 3?

Answer 21

Growth factors
Growth factor receptors - tyrosine kinases (constituatively activated)
Signal transducers - RAS family
Nuclear transcription factors - MYC oncogene

Question 22

What is the MYC oncogene?

Answer 22

Nuclear transcription factor?

Question 23

Insensitivity to rowth-inhibitory signals is usually due to what? Due one or both alleles have to be mutated?

Answer 23

Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes

Both

Question 24

RB gene mutation leads to which type of cancer?

Answer 24

Retinoblastoma

Question 25

What is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers? What protein does it normally encode? What does this do in normal cells?

Answer 25

TP53 Protein p53 Prevents propagation of genetically defective cells

Question 26

What do adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) genes normally do? If one is lost, how can someone eventually end up with the disease/cancer?

Answer 26

Tumor suppressor, inhibit growth promoting signals | The second can acquire a mutation

Question 27

What does the Warburg effect do to cause altered cellular metabolism?

Answer 27

Metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis

Question 28

Over expression of MCL-2 causes what to happen in the cell? What is a type of cancer that can be caused by this?

Answer 28

Over survival/no apoptosis | Follicular lymphoma

Question 29

Which three factors play a role in enabling replicative immortality?

Answer 29

Evasion of cell senescence Evasion of mitotic crisis Capacity for self-renewal

Question 30

What do malignant tumors invade?

Answer 30

ECM

Question 31

Benign or Malignant: 2D/flat on cytology? 3D?

Answer 31

Benign - 2D | Malignant - 3D

Question 32

What syndrome can arise from defects in mismatch repair pathways of DNA?

Answer 32

Lynch syndrome