Neoplasms Flashcards
(43 cards)
What is the most significant risk factor for developing renal cell carcinoma
Smoking
Mutation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma? Cell of origin?
Deletion of 3p region harboring VHL, somatic mutation or hypermethylation-induced inactivation —> unopposed HIF-1–> VEGF, IGF-1
Proximal tubules
Mutations in papillary carcinoma? Cell of origin?
Sporadic: trisomies 7 and 17, loss of Y in male patients
Familial: trisomy 7
Chromosome 7 contains MET (TKR for hepatocyte growth factor or scatter factor) -> abnormal growth, cell mobility, invasion, and morphogenetic differentiation
Distal convoluted tubules
Chromophobe carcinoma prognosis and cell of origin
Excellent prognosis
Also from intercalated cells of collecting ducts (like oncocytoma)
Xp11 translocation carcinoma: which gene is translocated
TFE3
Collecting duct (Bellini duct) carcinoma location
CD in MEDULLA
Which renal cell carcinoma can be multifocal and bilateral?
Papillary carcinoma
Clear cell RCC if with VHL syndrome
A 50 year old man came in due to vague abdominal pain and hematuria. CT scan showed a multilocular cystic mass on the left kidney. Resection shows a multilocular cystic tumor. The cysts are lined by clear cells with conspicuous nucleoli at 400x only. A focal area of solid growth measuring 0.5 mm was seen. There were no papillary projections, necrosis, atypical
Mitosis or rhabdoid features.
IHC: (+) PAX8, CAIX (diffuse and membranous), CD10
(-) CK7, AMACR, CD117
Dx? Criteria? Pathogenesis? Prognosis?
Multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRNLMP)
- solid growth should not exceed 1 mm (20x field)
VHL gene alterations
Excellent prognosis regardless of stage
Resection of a kidney showed a 2 cm mass with variegated hemorrhagic, necrotic and friable cut surfaces. Microsections show papillary and tubule-papillary architecture lined by low grade cuboidal cells with abundant eosinophilc to basophilic to clear cytoplasm, some with hemosiderin. Foamy macrophages are seen at papillary cores and few scattered psammoma bodies.
IHC:
(+)PAX8, CD10, AMACR, CK7 (but negative in eosinophilic tumors), vimentin, FH
(-) CAIX (some focal positivity)
Dx? Criteria? Predisposing factors?
Papillary RCC
Must not be <1.5 cm (papillary adenoma)
There shouldn’t be too much architectural pattern heterogeneity
More common in CKD or acquired cystic disease in adults
A 42 year old man came in due to hematuria. On imaging, a renal mass was seen with a stellate scar.
Resection was done revealing a mahogany brown to a yellow tan well-circumscribed tumor with a central stellate scar. Microsections show cells in tublues and solid nests with abundant eosinophilic granular cystoplasm and round eccentric nuclei with prominent nucleoli.
IHC: (+) CD117, S100A, CK7 (scattered single cells or negative)
(-) CAIX
Dx? Assoc with what syndrome? Cell of origin?
Oncocytoma
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (hybrid tumor with chromophobe)
Intercalated cells of distal tubules
A 31 year old man came in due to flank pain. CT scan showed a right renal mass. Resection shows a gray to light-tan tumor with a central scar. Microsections show solid sheets and neats of pale cells with clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm with prominent cell membrane, hyperchromatic raisinoid/wrinkled nuclei with characteristic perinuclear halo. Stroma is vascular and hyalinized.
IHC: (+) CK7 (diffuse), CD117, hale’s colloidal iron
(-) CD10, CAIX, vimentin
Dx? Assoc syndrome?
Chromophobe RCC
Birth-Hogg-Dube syndrome (in hybrid oncocytoma- chromophobe tumors)
A 57 year old male came in due to hematuria and flank pain. CT scan showed an ill-defined medullary renal mass. Microsections show predominantly infiltrating high grade cells with tubular architecture surrounded by desmoplastic stroma in the medulla. Necrosis is seen in areas.
IHC: (+) HMWCK, CK7, PAX8, SMARCB1, FH
(-) GATA3
Dx? Ddx?
Collecting duct carcinoma
Ddx: exclude other RCCs, urothelial CA, or metastasis
A 70 year old man with ESRD came in due to hematuria. CT scan showed a left kidney mass. Resection was done which showed an encapsulated cystic 3 cm kidney mass. Microsections show tubules, cysts and papillae lined by cells with grade 1-2 nuclei located on the apical pole with clear cytoplasm creating a piano key appearance.
IHC: (+) CK7 (diffuse), CAIX (cup-shaped), GATA3, PAC8, HMWCK (34BE12)
(-) AMACR, CD10
Dx? Pathogenesis?
Clear cell papillary renal cell tumor (CCPRCT)
Unknown (no 3p loss or vhl gene alterations)
A 50 year old woman came in due to hematuria. A left kidney mass was seen on CT. Resection shows a solid gray-white to yellow mass. Microsections show tightly packed, anastomosing tubules lined by low-grade cuboidal cells merged with spindled cells and myxoid matrix.
IHC:
(+) PAX8, CK7, AMACR
Dx? Prognosis? Ddx?
Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSCC)
High grade transformation occurs in a subset
Ddx: papillary RCC
A 40 year old male came in due to left flank pain. CT scan showed a left renal mass. Resection shows a mass with cystic, bubble wrap appearance. Microsections show hobnail to flattened cells lining tubulocystic structures with fibrotic stroma.
Dx? Pathogenesis?
Tubulocystic RCC
Gain of chromosome 17, losses of 9 and Y
A 60 year old man with ESRD on long-term dialysis came in due to hematuria. CT showed bilateral cystic masses on kidneys. Transplant was done and microsections the kidney shows clear to eosinophilic tumor cells in sieve-like, microcystic pattern. Tumor cells have intracytoplasmic calcium oxalate crystals.
IHC: (+) pax8, CD10, AMACR
(-) ck7, cd117, gata3
Dx? Pathogenesis?
Acquired cystic disease-associated RCC
oxalate accumulation
A 20 year old woman with a history of epilepsy came in due to flank pain. Ct showed a right renal mass. Resection was done and microsections show solid and cystic, and tubular architecture lined by oncocytic cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm with basophilic cytoplasmic STIPPLING (like leishmaniasis) vacuolation and multinucleation.
IHC: (+) PAX8, CK20 (diffuse or focal), ck7 (focal), cathepsin
Dx? Assoc syndrome?
Eosinophilic solid cystic (ESC) RCC
TSC1 or TSC2
Upregulation of mTOR pathway
A 5 year old boy undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia came in due to hematuria. CT showed a left renal mass. Resection was done and microsections show mixed papillary architecture with psammoma bodies and epithelioid cells with clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm.
IHC: (+) PAX8, melanocytic markers (HMB45, MelanA)
(-) CK, EMA
Dx? Pathogenesis?
TFE3 rearranged RCC/Xp11 translocation RCC
Exposure to chemotherapy
TFE3 gene (X11p) rearrangements with multiple partners like ASPSCR1, PRCC and others
A 31 year old man came in due to flank pain. A renal mass was seen on CT and was resected. Microsections show a biphasic tumor with nests of larger epithelioid cells and smaller cells surrounding BM material.
IHC: (+) PAX8 and melanocytic markers (HMB45, melanA)
Dx? Pathogenesis?
TFEB altered RCC t(6;11)
TFEB gene fusion or amplification t(6,11)
A 44 year old female came in due to hematuria. She has a hx of bizarre leiomyomas. CT scan showed a right renal mass. Resection was done and microsections show mixed papillary, solid and tubulocystic patterns with cells having eosinophilc macronucleoli with SURROUNDING PERI-NUCLEOLAR HALOS
Dx? Pathogenesis? IHC?
Fumarate hydratase (FH) deficient RCC
Germline or somatic mutations of the FH gene
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC (HLRCC) syndrome associated RCC - hx of skin and uterune leiomyomas
IHC: (+) pax8, 2SC
(-) FH
A 50 year old male came in due to hematuria. Bilateral kidney masses were seen. Microsections show solid sheets of eosinophilic cells with occasional flocculent cytoplasmic inclusions (cytoplasm not granular).
IHC: (+) PAX 8, FH
DX? Pathogenesis?
SDH-deficient RCC
Inactivation of any one if SDH genes due to germline mutation
Bilateral in 30%
IHC (-) SDH
A 65 year old African man came in due to hematuria. A renal mass was seen and resected. Microsections show infiltrating sheets, cords, nests and tubules with high grade rhabdoid cells. Stroma is myxoid and desmoplastic. RBCs in vessels are sickle-shaped.
IHC: (+) pax8, ck, ema, vimentin, ck7, hmwck, cea, oct3/4
(-) INI1
Dx? Pathogenesis? Prognosis?
SMARCB1-deficient renal medullary carcinoma
Associated with sickle cell trait>disease
Sickle-cell mediated hypoxic injury to the medulla
SMARCB1 gene inactivation at chromosome 11 by deletion or translocation
Poor prognosis
A 50 year old woman came in due to hematuria. A renal mass was seen and excised. Microsections show small
Primitive tubules without lumens, minimal stroma and no mitosis. Tumor is basophilic and well-circumscribed on low magnification.
IHC: (+) PAX8, WT1, CD57
Dx? Pathogenesis? Prognosis?
Metanephric adenoma
BRAF mutation in 90% of cases
Good prognosis
A 45 year old woman came in for executive check up. Ct scan showed a renal mass which was resected. Microsections show solid-cystic tumor with epithelial elements in a variably cellular stroma that resembles OVARIAN STROMA.
IHC: glands (+) pax8, stromal cells (+) sma, desmin, cd10, ER, PR, inhibin, calretinin
Dx? Location? Prognosis?
Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney (MEST)
Medulla
Good prognosis
Cystic nephroma is part of the spectrum (cystic only)- not associated with DICER1 mutations unlike pediatric cystic nephrona