Carcinoma of: - Oropharynx - Esophagus - Lung - Kindey - Bladder Polycyclic hydrocarbons are particularly carcinogenic

Neoplasms Flashcards by Filip Garrett

Aflatoxins

Hepatocellular carcinoma

*Derived from Aspergillus, which can contaminate stored grains

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Alkylating agents

Leukemia/Lymphomas

*Side effect of chemotherapy

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Alcohol

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  -oropharynx
  -upper esophagus
Pancreatic carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma

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Arsenic

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of skin
Lung cancer
Angiosarcoma of liver

*Arsenic is in cigarette smoke

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Asbestos

Lung carcinoma
Mesothelioma

*Exposure to asbestos is MORE likely to lead to LUNG CANCER than mesothelioma

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Cigarette Smoke

Carcinoma of:

Oropharynx
Esophagus
Lung
Kindey
Bladder

*Polycyclic hydrocarbons are particularly carcinogenic

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Nitrosamines

Stomach carcinoma (intestinal type)

*Found in Smoked foods

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Naphthylamine

Urothelial carcinoma of Bladder

*Derived from cigarette smoke

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Vinyl Chloride

Angiosarcoma of Liver

*Occupational exposure; Used to make Polyvinyl chloride (PVS) for us in pipes

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Nickel, Chromium, Beryllium, Silica

Lung carcinoma

*Occupational exposure

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EBV

Nasopharygeal Carcinoma
Burkitt Lymphoma
CNS Lymphoma in AIDS

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HHV-8

Karposi’s sarcoma

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HBV & HCV

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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HTLV-1

Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

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HPV (16,18,31,33)

Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
  - Vulva
  - Vagina
  - Anus
  - Cervix
Adenocarcinoma of Cervix

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Ionizing Radiation

Nuclear reactor accidents
Radiotherapy

AML
CML
Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid

*Generates hydroxyl free radicals

Nonionizing Radiation

- UVB sunlight is most common source

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma of Skin

*Formation of Pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which are normally excised by restriction endonuclease

Growth Factor:

-PDGFB (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor)

Associated Tumor:
- Astrocytoma

Mechanism:
- Overexpression, Autocrine Loop

Growth Factor Receptor:

- ERBB2 [HER2/neu] (Epidermal Growth Factor receptor)

Associated Tumor:
- Subset of Breast Carcinomas

Mechanism:
- Amplification

Growth Factor Receptor:

- RET (neural growth factor receptor)

Associated Tumor:

MEN 2A
MEN 2B
Sporadic Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid

Mechanism:
- Point Mutation

Growth Factor Receptor:

- KIT (stem cell growth factor receptor)

Associated Tumor:
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Mechanism:
- Point Mutation

Signal Transducers

- RAS gene family (GTP-binding protein)

Associated Tumor:

70% of ALL Cancers
Carcinomas
Melanomas
Lymphoma

Mechanism:
- Point Mutation

Signal Transducers:

- ABL (tyrosine kinase)

Associated Tumor:
- CML (some types of ALL)

Mechanism:
- t(9;22) with BCR

Nuclear Regulators:

- c-MYC (transcription factor)

Associated Tumor:
- Burkitt Lymphoma

Mechanism:
- t(8;14) involving IgH

Nuclear Regulators: | - N-MYC (transcription factor)

Associated Tumor: - Neuroblastoma Mechanism: - Amplification

Nuclear Regulators: | - L-MYC (transcription factor)

Associated Tumor: - Lung Carcinoma (Small Cell) Mechanism: - Amplification

Cell Cycle Regulators: | - CCND1 [Cyclin D1]

Associated Tumor: - Mantle Cell Lymphoma Mechanism: - t(11;14) involving IgH

Cell Cycle Regulators: | - CDK4 (cyclin-dependent kinase)

Associated Tumor: - Melanoma Mechanism: - Amplification

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - Keratin

Tissue Type: | - Epithelium (carcinoma)

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - Vimentin

Tissue Type: | - Mesenchyme (sarcoma)

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - Desmin

Tissue Type: | - Muscle

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - GFAP

Tissue Type: | - Neuroglia

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - Neurofilament

Tissue Type: | - Neurons

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - PSA

Tissue Type: | - Prostatic epithelium

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - ER

Tissue Type: | - Breast epithelium

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - Thyroglobulin

Tissue Type: | - Thyroid Follicular cells

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - Chromogranin (High Yield)

Tissue Type: - Neuroendocrine cells * e.g., Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung & Carcinoid tumors

Immunohistochemical Stain: | - S-100

Tissue Type: | - Melanoma