Neoplastic Disease of the GI Tract Flashcards
(36 cards)
most common cancers
- lung
- breast
- colorectal
- prostate
- head and neck
what is dysplasia
abnormality in growth and differentiation
difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia
hyperplasia - tissue growth due to increase in cell number
hypertrophy - increase in cell size
def. of neoplasm
an abnormal mass of tissue
excessive and uncoordinated growth
growth persists even after evoking stimulus removed
in epithelial tissues, severe dysplasia is often referred to as…
carcinoma in situ
5 features of dysplasia
hyperchromatism (dark staining nuclei)
nuclear pleomorphism (variation in nuclear shape)
loss of orientation
cell crowding and stratification
increased and/or abnormal mitotic figures
what is cancer of epithelium called
carcinoma
what is cancer of soft tissue called
sarcoma
what is cancer of blood called
lymphoma
leukaemia
5 routes of metastasis
lymphatic
vascular
perineural and intraneural
spread across cavities
iatrogenic
effects of benign tumours
bleeding
space occupying lesions within skull
hormones
obstruction of lumen
compression of adjacent structures
what is intussesception
when polyp is dragged forward by peristalsis pulling the bowel with it and causing obstruction
what are borderline tumours
when it is difficult to predict behaviour of some neoplasms
two common forms of borderline tumours
lots of local invasion but no metastasis
appear benign but later develop metastasis
differentiation of high grade vs low grade tumours
high grade - poorly differentiated
most common cancer type in oesophagus worldwide
squamous cell carcinoma
risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of oesophagus
tobacco
alcohol
diet
hot drinks
infection
genetics
most common type of oesophageal cancer in UK
adenocarcinoma
risk factors for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus
acid reflux and barrett’s
what type of oesophageal cancer is a smoker and heavy drinker likely to get
squamous cell carcinoma
what is barrett’s oeosphagus
metaplasia from squamous to columnar epithelium
causes of gastric adenocarcinoma
diet
h.pylori (causing gastritis)
bile reflux
what are the two histological patterns of gastric cancer
intestinal type
diffuse type
four types of tumours in small intestine
adenocarcinoma
neuroendocrine tumours
GISTs
lymphoma
