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Flashcards in Nephritic vs Nephrotic Deck (19)
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1
Q

Signs of nephritic syndrome

A

Haematuria (macro / micro) + red cell casts
Proteinuria → oedema (esp. periorbital) Hypertension
Oliguria and progressive renal impairment

2
Q

Causes of nephritic syndrome

A
  1. Proliferative / post-streptococcal

2. Crescentic / RPGN

3
Q

Features of proliferative/ post-strept

A

Features
Young child develops malaise and nephritic syndrome c ̄ smoky urine 1-2wks after sore throat or skin infection.
↑ASOT ↓C3

4
Q

Biopsy results of proliferative/ post-strept

A

Biopsy: IgG and C3 deposition

5
Q

Treatment and prognosis of nephritic syndrome

A

Rx: Supportive
Prognosis:
95% of children recover fully
Minority develop Rapidly Progressive GN

6
Q

Crescentic / RPGN features

A

Most aggressive GN which can → ESRF in days

7
Q

Type 1 Crescentic / RPGN

A

Ab to NC domain of collagen 4
Haematuria and haemoptysis
CXR shows infiltrates
Rx: Plasmapheresis and immunosuppression

8
Q

Type 2 Crescentic / RPGN

A

Complication of any immune complex deposition Berger’s, post-strep, endocarditis, SLE

9
Q

Type 3 Crescentic / RPGN

A

cANCA: Wegener’s
pANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss Even if ANCA+ve, may still be idiopathic
i.e. no features of systemic vasculitis

10
Q

Percentage prevalence of Type 1,2,3

A
1 = 5%
2 = 45%
3 = 50%
11
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome features

A

Proteinuria: PCR >300mg/mM or >3g/24h
Hypoalbuminaemia: <35g/L
Oedema: periorbital, genital, ascites, peripheral
Often intravascularly depleted ̄c ↓ JVP (cf. CCF)

12
Q

Complications of Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Infection: ↓ Ig, ↓ complement activity
VTE: up to 40%
Hyperlipidaemia: ↑ cholesterol and triglycerides

13
Q

Investigations for nephrotic syndrome

A
Blood
  Basic: FBC, U+E, ESR
  Complement (C3 and C4)
  Abs: ANA, dsDNA, ANCA, GBM
  Serum protein electrophoresis and Ig
  Infection: ASOT, HBC and HCV serology
Urine
  Dipstick: proteinuria ± haematuria
  Spot PCR
  MCS
  Bence-Jones protein
Imaging
  CXR: infiltrates (Goodpasture’s, Wegener’s)
  Renal US ± biopsy
Check lipids
Biopsy
  All adults st
  Steroids 1  ̄c children: mostly minimal change
14
Q

Secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome

A

DM: glomerulosclerosis
SLE: membranous
Amyloidosis

15
Q

Minimal Change Glomerulonephritis - ass, biopsy, treatment, prognosis

A

Commonest cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
Assoc.: URTI
Biopsy: normal light micro, fusion of podocytes on EM
Rx: steroids
Prog: 1% → ESRF

16
Q

Membranous Nephropathy - ass, biopsy, treatment, prognosis

A
20-30% of adult nephrotic syndrome
  Associations
  Ca: lung, colon, breast
  AI: SLE, thyroid disease
  Infections: HBV
  Drugs: Penicillamine, gold
  Biopsy: subepithelial immune complex deposits
  Rx: immunosuppression if renal function declines
  Prog: 40% spontaneous remission
17
Q

FSGS - ass, biopsy, treatment, prognosis

A

Commoner in Afro-Caribs
Idiopathic or Secondary: VUR, Berger’s, SCD, HIV
Biopsy: focal scarring, IgM deposition
Rx: steroids or cyclophosphamide/ciclosporin
Prog: 30-50% → ESRF (may recur in transplants)

18
Q

Membranoproliferative/ mesangiocapillary GN - ass, prognosis

A

Rare
May → nephrotic (60%) or nephritic (30%) syndrome
Asooc. ̄c HBV, HCV, endocarditis
Prog: 50% → ESRF

19
Q

Membranoproliferative/ mesangiocapillary GN - management

A
Monitor U+E, BP , fluid balance, wt.
  Treat underlying cause
  Symptomatic / Complication Rx:
  Oedema: salt and fluid restrict + frusemide   Proteinuria: ACEi / ARA ↓ proteinuria
  ↑ Lipids: Statin
  VTE: Tinzaparin
  Rx HTN