Nephro

Question 1

Urine dipstick technology only detects albumin excretion of this rate

Answer 1

> 300-500 mg/24 h

Question 2

Definition of abnormal urine protein-creatinine ratio

Answer 2

> 0.2 mg/mg

Question 3

Condition associated with broad, muddy brown casts in urine

Answer 3

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 4

Formula for urine anion gap

Answer 4

(Na + K) - Cl

Normal: 30-50 meq/L

Question 5

A large negative urine anion gap points to this origin of metabolic acidosis

Answer 5

Extrarenal

Question 6

A delta-delta value <1 is suggestive that the anion gap acidosis is accompanied by this condition

Answer 6

Normal-anion gap acidosis

Question 7

Expected ratio between the change in anion gap and change in plasma bicarbonate (delta-delta)

Answer 7

1-2

Question 8

A delta-delta value >2 is suggestive that the anion gap acidosis is accompanied by this condition

Answer 8

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 9

Normal plasma osmolal gap

Answer 9

10 mosm/kg H2O

Question 10

Most common cause of alcohol poisoning

Answer 10

Ethanol

Question 11

Osmolal gap in alcohol poisoning

Answer 11

High

Question 12

Diagnosis: alcohol poisoning with somnolence or coma and normal acid-base homeostasis

Answer 12

Isopropyl alcohol

Tx: IV fluids and gastric lavage if mild; hemodialysis if with hypotension/shock

Question 13

Diagnosis: alcohol poisoning with severe anion gap metabolic acidosis, acute visual symptoms, and severe abdominal pain

Answer 13

Methanol (pancreatitis and retinal toxicity)

Tx: fomepizole and hemodialysis

Question 14

Diagnosis: alcohol poisoning with severe anion gap metabolic acidosis and acute kidney injury

Answer 14

Ethylene glycol

Tx: fomepizole and hemodialysis

Question 15

Diagnosis: alcohol poisoning with anion gap metabolic acidosis and ketoacidosis

Answer 15

Ethanol

Tx: IV normal saline and glucose for alcoholic ketoacidosis

Question 16

Cause of pseudohyponatremia

Answer 16

Severe hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia

Question 17

Most common osmotically active substance that causes hypertonic hyponatremia

Answer 17

Glucose

Question 18

Most common form of hyponatremia

Answer 18

Hypo-osmolar hyponatremia

Question 19

Diagnosis: hypo-osmolar hyponatremia with hypovolemia, hypotension, and a neurosurgical procedure or subarachnoid hemorrhage within the previous 10 days

Answer 19

Cerebral salt wasting syndrome

Question 20

Treatment for asymptomatic outpatients with SIADH who do not respond to fluid restriction

Answer 20

Demeclocycline

Question 21

IV V1 and V2 receptor antagonist approved for treatment of euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia

Answer 21

Conivaptan

Question 22

Oral V2 receptor antagonist approved for treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia

Answer 22

Tolvaptan

Question 23

Most common cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 23

Lithium

Question 24

Treatment for neurogenic (central) diabetes insipidus

Answer 24

Desmopressin

Question 25

Test to confirm pseudohyperkalemia

Answer 25

Plasma potassium concentration

Question 26

Most common cause of medication-induced AKI

Answer 26

Aminoglycosides

Question 27

Formula for FE(Na)

Answer 27

(Urine Na / Serum Na) x 100

Question 28

Intravesical pressure in abdominal compartment syndrome

Answer 28

>20 mmHg

Question 29

Target hemoglobin levels with erythropoitein therapy for CKD

Answer 29

10-11 g/dL

Question 30

A calcimimetic that is approved for treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients

Answer 30

Cinacalcet

Question 31

Most steroid-sensitive glomerular disease

Answer 31

Minimal change disease

Question 32

Most common cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in white Americans

Answer 32

Membranous nephropathy

Question 33

Most common cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in black Americans

Answer 33

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 34

Most common condition associated with "Maltese cross" fat droplets in urine

Answer 34

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 35

Treatment for progressive IgA nephropathy

Answer 35

Corticosteroids or mycophenolate mofetil

Question 36

Most common causes of pulmonary-renal syndromes (3)

Answer 36

Wegener granulomatosis, Goodpasture syndrome, SLE

Question 37

Metabolic finding that suggests type 1 (distal) RTA as opposed to types 2 and 4

Answer 37

Urine pH >5.5

Question 38

Metabolic finding that suggests proximal (type 2) RTA as opposed to types 1 and 4

Answer 38

Normal urine anion gap

Question 39

Metabolic finding that suggests type 4 RTA as opposed to types 1 and 2

Answer 39

Hyperkalemia

Question 40

High-risk medical illnesses associated with nephrolithiasis (2)

Answer 40

Crohn disease, ileostomy

Question 41

High-risk medications associated with nephrolithiasis (2)

Answer 41

Indinavir, acetazolamide

Question 42

Gold standard for diagnosis of nephrolithiasis

Answer 42

Noncontrast helical CT

Question 43

Drug that reduces ureteral edema to facilitate stone passage

Answer 43

Corticosteroids

Question 44

Drugs (2) that induce ureteral dilation and relaxation to facilitate stone passage

Answer 44

Nifedipine and tamsulosin

Question 45

ADPKD is caused by a mutation on the PKD1 gene on this chromosome

Answer 45

Chromosome 16

Question 46

Diagnostic test of choice for ADPKD

Answer 46

Kidney ultrasonography

Question 47

Empiric treatment for infected renal cysts

Answer 47

Fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole