Neruopathology

Question 1

what is chromatolysis?

Answer 1

the disappearance of Nissl substance

Question 2

what is demyelination?

Answer 2

loss of myelin with preservation of cell body and axon

Question 3

name one disease that has demyelination as a lesion

Answer 3

distemper

Question 4

what is wallerian degeneration?

Answer 4

distruction of axon and myelin sheath following trauma or toxic injury

Question 5

can wallerian degeneration regenerate in the PNS?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

wallerian degeneration and necrosis is a sequelae of what disease?

Answer 6

cerebral and spinal dural osseous metaplasia (ossifying pachymeningitis)

Question 7

what is satellitosis?

Answer 7

accumulation of glial cells around damaged neurons

Question 8

what glial cells is most common in satellitosis?

Answer 8

microglia

Question 9

what is neruonophagia?

Answer 9

the removal of damaged (necrotic) cells by microglia acting as a macrophage in the CNS

Question 10

what is perivascular cuffing?

Answer 10

accumulation of leukocytes in perivascular (virchow-robin) spaces

Question 11

What is malacia?

Answer 11

SOFTENING and liquefaction of nervous tissue from necrosis of neurons and glial cells

Question 12

polioencephalomalacia

Answer 12

softening of the gray matter of the brain

Question 13

leukoencephalomalacia

Answer 13

softening of the white matter of the brain

Question 14

neuronal inclusion bodies can be ______ & _______

Answer 14

intranuclear and intracytoplasmic

Question 15

name the intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusion body that is specific for rabies but not diagnostic?

Answer 15

negri body

Question 16

which intranuclear neuronal inclusion body is specific for viral infections?

Answer 16

cowdry’s Type A

Question 17

name 3 ways to differentiate cowdry’s type A from type B

Answer 17

Type A is usually single and displaces the nucleoulus and is surrounded by a clear halo
Type B is multifocal and the nucleolus is not displaced

Question 18

define anencephaly

Answer 18

total absence of the entire brain (rare)

Question 19

lesions of anencephaly

Answer 19

absence of the cerebral hemispheres and failure of forebrain fusion

Question 20

what is the etiopathogenesis of prosencephalic hypoplasia?

Answer 20

failure of bilateral separation fo the primitive single telencephalic cavity into 2 hemispheres

Question 21

what are the lesions of proencephalic hypoplasia?

Answer 21

single central ventricle

absence of the longitudinal fissure, the corpus callosum, olfactory bulb and optic tracts

Question 22

what is cranium bifidum?

Answer 22

a protrusion of the brain through a defect in the cranium

Question 23

what is a meningoencephalocele?

Answer 23

it is a protrusion of the brain and meningies through a defect in the skull

Question 24

what is spina bifida

Answer 24

in the absence of the dorsal portions of the vertebrae the spinal cord protrudes out

Question 25

what is hydromyelia

Answer 25

water in the spinal canal

Question 26

hydromyelia is a lesion associated with what 2 conditions in weimaraner dogs

Answer 26

myelodysplastic and dysraphic congenital anomalies

Question 27

lissencephaly is ________

Answer 27

the absence of primary gyri (folds)

Question 28

what are the lesions of porencephaly

Answer 28

cysts or cavities in the wall of the cerebral hemisphere

Question 29

hydranencephaly

Answer 29

complete or almost complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres

Question 30

what vaccine in pregnant ewes can cause hydranencephaly in the lamb?

Answer 30

bluetongue

Question 31

lesion of cerebellar hypoplasia

Answer 31

small amount of unformed cerebellum

Question 32

name 6 different viruses that can cause cerebellar hypoplasia

Answer 32

FIP, BVD, Hog cholera vaccination, border disease, rat virus, hamster osteolytic virus

Question 33

what are the microscopic lesions of cerebellar hypoplasia

Answer 33

loss of purkinje cells, narrowed and deficient cells in the granular layer

Question 34

what is syringomyelia

Answer 34

tubular cavitation of the spinal cord (lumbar segments) extending over several segments

Question 35

cavitations in the central gray matter, not lined by ependymal cells are the microscopic lesions of what?

Answer 35

syringomyelia

Question 36

what is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain and sub-meningeally?

Answer 36

hydrocephalus

Question 37

is hydrocephalus physiological in the early fetus?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

what is the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus

Answer 38

increased production of CSF obstruction of the normal flow of CSF or defective absorption of CSF

Question 39

What are the lesions of cerebellar abiotrophy?

Answer 39

gross: cerebellum normal or shrunken histologic: neuronal degeneration and loss + reactive gliosis

Question 40

what are the lesions of congenital hydrocephalus?

Answer 40

dilated ventricles or the duct system, dome-shaped, thin-boned and enlarged cranium

Question 41

what causes acquired hydrocephalus?

Answer 41

obstruction of flow of CSF due to an accumulation of and organization of exudate

Question 42

name 7 causes of acquired hydrocephalus

Answer 42

``` bacterial meningitis, TB, cryptococcosis, FIP (granulomatous meningitis) intracranial neoplasms parasitic cysts cholesteatoma (horses) ```

Question 43

what are the lesions of acquired hydrocephalus?

Answer 43

pressure atrophy of the septum pellucidum and hippocampus, ventricular dilation, pressure atrophy of cerebrocortical white matter

Question 44

Is abiotrophy primary or secondary neuronal degeneration?

Answer 44

Primary

Question 45

is cerebellar abiotrophy seen at birth?

Answer 45

NO

Question 46

Name the 4 lesions associated with prion disease.

Answer 46

- spongiform change of the neuropil - neuronal degeneration, apotosis and loss of prominent cytoplasmic vacuoles - astrocytosis - ABSENCE of inflamation

Question 47

name 3 diagnostic test for prion disease

Answer 47

- Histology - PrP immunostaining - electron microscopy

Question 48

An inherited deficiency of galactocerebroside -B-galctosidase is a key part of the etiopathogenesis of what disease?

Answer 48

Globoid cell leukodystrophy

Question 49

what are the lesions of globoid cell leukodystrophy in the white and grey matter?

Answer 49

white: degenerative changes, bilaterally symmetrical presence of pas- positive globoid macrophages Gray: minimal changes

Question 50

a thromboembolism is a possible cause of what type of necorosis

Answer 50

vascular

Question 51

name 4 causes of cerebral hypoxia

Answer 51

- hypoglycemia - anesthetic accidents - toxicity (CN, NO3, CO, etc.) - nutritional deficiency

Question 52

on necropsy you find focal necrosis in the CNS of a horse. you diagnose equine nigorpallidal encephalomalacia when the toxin panel returns. What was the most likely cause of this toxin?

Answer 52

yellow star thistle

Question 53

lead poisoning will cause what type of necrosis pattern and where?

Answer 53

laminar pattern of poliomyelomalacia (gray matter)

Question 54

focal necrosis associated with moldy corn is

Answer 54

leukoencephalomalacia

Question 55

name 2 protozoa that can cause necrosis in the CNS

Answer 55

theileria, babesia

Question 56

what infectious bacteria can cause focal symmetrical encephalomalacia (sheep)

Answer 56

Clostridium perfringens type D

Question 57

vitamin deficiency (eg hypovitaminosis E) is associated with what type of necrosis?

Answer 57

(avian) encephalomalacia

Question 58

another cause for nutritional deficiency necrosis other than Vitamin deficiency is__________.

Answer 58

mineral deficiency (Cu)

Question 59

what 2 categories can cause focal necrosis

Answer 59

toxin and nutritional

Question 60

thiamine deficiency, salt poisoning, lead poisoning, cerebrocortical necorsis, polioencephalomalacia all cause what pattern of necrosis?

Answer 60

laminar necrosis

Question 61

what are the global (generalized) and regional (local) sequelae of hypoxia-ischimia

Answer 61

Global- ischemic encephalopathy regional- infarction both= cell death (if not corrected)

Question 62

name 4 possible causes of hypoxia-ischimia

Answer 62

dec systemic bp dec vascular patency inc intracranial pressure dec capacity for autoregulation

Question 63

hypoxia-ischemia + hypoglycemia, E depletion =>

Answer 63

>> neuronal death

Question 64

what is the pathophysiology of ischemia

Answer 64

ischemia=> failure of cellular E source (ATP) => anaerobic glycolysis =>disruption of ion hemostasis => breakdown of cell structure

Question 65

what are the 4 methods of hypoxia-ischimia?

Answer 65

lactic acidosis, Ca influx, oxygen-free radicals, excitotoxins

Question 66

what are the 4 responses of hypoxia-ischemia

Answer 66

swell perinuronal astrocyte foot processes neuronal contracture cytoplasmic eosinophilia nuclear pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

Question 67

T/F hemorrhage is one possible lesion of hypoxia-ischimia

Answer 67

True

Question 68

what is the etiopathogenesis of CNS hemorrhage

Answer 68

dec blood vessel integrity | dec coagulability of the blood

Question 69

name 4 possible consequences of hemorrhage

Answer 69

none inc intracranial pressure blood clots => hydrocephalus organized thrombi

Question 70

what are the sequelae of cerebral edema?

Answer 70

inc intracerebral pressure | death

Question 71

name 4 lesions of localized edema

Answer 71

swollen, soft depressed and moist on cut surface faint yellow discoloration displacement and distortion of the brain

Question 72

name 4 lesions of thromboembolism

Answer 72

atrial and aortic thrombosis (cats) bone marrow cartilaginous or nucleus pulposus (dogs) septicemia

Question 73

is suppurative inflammation bacterial or viral?

Answer 73

bacterial

Question 74

non suppurative inflammation is commonly associated with what?

Answer 74

viral disease

Question 75

abscessation is a sequela of what type of inflamation

Answer 75

bacterial

Question 76

demyelination from inflammation is commonly associated with what disease

Answer 76

distemper

Question 77

how does the CNS respond to inflammation?

Answer 77

slow ct encapsulation | granulation tissue modified by astrocytic and microglial partcipation

Question 78

name 4 reactions/exudates to inflamation

Answer 78

suppurative non suppurative granulomatous fibrinous

Question 79

what are 2 causes of granulomatous inflammation

Answer 79

higher bacteria and mycotic infections

Question 80

gliosis is a sequelae of what type of inflammation exudate

Answer 80

nonsuppurative

Question 81

perivascular cuffing is commonly associated with what type of inflammation exudate

Answer 81

nonsuppurative