Nerve Flashcards by Peter Duncan

What are the 2 main parts of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

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What are the 2 principal cells of nerve tissue?

Neurones

2. Neuroglial Cells

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Name 5 types of neuroglial cells

Astrocytes
Schwann Cell
Ependymal Cell
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes

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What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

Body
Dendrites
Axon

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What is an alternative name for a cell body?

Soma

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What are 2 ways to classify neurons?

Structurally

2. Functionally

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What are 3 structural classifications of neurons?

Bipolar
Multipolar
Pseudounipolar

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What 3 senses are typically related to bipolar neurons?

Sight
Sound
Balance

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What is the typical function of multipolar neurons?

Motor neuronal function

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What is the typical function of pseudounipolar neurons?

Sensory neuronal function

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Where is 1 place that pseudounipolar neurons found?

Dorsal root ganglions

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What are Nissl bodies?

Combination of free ribosomes and rough ER found in neuron cell body

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Where are organelles found in the neuron?

Cell body - Can be in dendrite but never axon

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What is the function of an axon?

Transmit an electrical impulse from cell body to axonal ending

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What is the function of neurotubules?

Facilitate rapid transport of synaptic vesicles along axon

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What produces the myelin sheath?

Schwann Cells / Oligodendrocytes

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What is myelin?

Lipid rich insulator

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What is the function of myelin?

Allows for increased conduction velocity of electrical impulse along axon

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What is the gap between one myelinating cell and the next called?

Node of Ranvier

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What is the epineurium?

Protective layer surrounding the entire nerve

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What type of CT is epineurium?

Dense Irregular CT

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What is the perineurium?

Protective layer surrounding the nerve fascicle

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What type of CT is perineurium?

Loose CT

What is the endoneurium?

Protective layer which occurs between the nerve fibres within each fascicle

What type of CT is endoneurium?

Loose CT

What is the function of the dorsal root of peripheral nerves?

Receive sensory information

What is the function of the ventral root of peripheral nerves?

Send out motor signals

In what part of the nervous system do Schwann cells act?

Peripheral Nervous System

In what part of the nervous system do oligodendrocytes act?

Central Nervous System

Name 4 types of neuronal ending

1. Synapse 2. Motor End Plate 3. Muscle Spindles 4. Sensory Endings

What is a synapse?

Regions at the end of some axons which transmit nerve impulse from one neuron to another

How does a synapse communicate with another neuron?

Via transmitter substance

What is a motor end plate?

Junction between an axon and a muscle fibre surface

How does a motor end plate arise?

- Axon becomes unmyelinated - Neuromuscular bulb rests on depression within muscle - Transmitter acts similarly to synapse

What is muscle spindle?

Specialised muscle fibres lying within a CT capsule

What is the function of muscle spindle?

Detect stretch in a specific muscle

What is the function of motor neurons of muscle spindle?

Prevent overstretching of a muscle to prevent tear

Name 3 sensory endings

1. Pacinian Corpuscle 2. Meissner's Corpuscle 3. Nociceptors

Where is the Pacinian corpuscle found?

Deep in the dermis

What is the function of the Pacinian corpuscle?

Deformation

Name 3 locations where the Meissner's corpuscle is found

1. Fingertips 2. Lips 3. Just under epidermis

What is the function of Meissner's corpuscle?

Touch receptor

What is the function of a nociceptor?

Detect pain

Name 1 area where nociceptors are found

Pulp cavity of teeth

Give 2 differences between how Schwann cells function and how oligodendrocytes function

1. Unmyelinated axons in CNS have no support from oligodendrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons at once

What are 2 types of astrocytes?

1. Fibrous - White matter | 2. Protoplasmic - Grey matter

What are 2 functions of astrocytes?

1. Blood-brain barrier | 2. Restrain spread of electrical disturbance in areas surrounding synapses and unmyelinated axons

What happens when microglia cells are activated?

Become macrophage and antigen-presenting cells

What happens during MS with regards to microglia cells?

Degrade myelin debris

What is the function of ependymal cells?

Secrete cerebrospinal fluid

Describe ependymal cells

Low columnar, ciliated, epithelium-like cells which line cavities of CNS

What type of CT is dura mater?

Dense CT

What type of CT is pia mater?

Loose CT

Describe arachnoid mater

2 components - Layer in contact with dura - System of trabeculae connecting to pia mater - Cavity between trabeculae is filled with CSF

What is the choroid plexus?

Invaginated folds of pia mater that penetrate ventricles of brain

What is the main function of CSF?

Hold brain in situ to reduce weight