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IMS- Strand 10 > Nerve and muscle > Flashcards

Nerve and muscle Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Classic example of a neuron

A

Motor neuron

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2
Q

What does a motor neuron contain?

A
  • Dendrite
  • Nucleus
  • Axon
  • Cell body
  • Myelin sheath
  • Schwann cell
  • Node of Ranvier
  • Axon terminal
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3
Q

Where are structural principles conserved?

A

CNS

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4
Q

What is the structural classification?

A
  • Describes relationship of cell body and processes
    3 different types of neuron
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar
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5
Q

Functional classification

A

Describes function of the cell in the system

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6
Q

What does the motor neuron do?

A

main effector
Carry info from CNS to receptor

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7
Q

What does the Relay neuron do?

A

Between sensory and motor

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8
Q

What does the sensory neuron do?

A

Origin in peripheral tissue
Identifies outside stimuli transfers to spine

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9
Q

What is the Nervous system made up of?

A

CNS
PNS

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10
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A
  • Central command centre
    Brain- divided in 3 major parts= hind brain, mid brain and the forebrain
    Spinal cord
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11
Q

What is the PNS made up of

A
  • Bodies link to the outside world
    The autonomic nervous system
    The somatic nervous system
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12
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Regulates involuntary processes, including heart rate, respiration, digestion and pupil contraction, operates automatically without conscious direction
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13
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system?

A

Carrier sensory info from sensory organs to the CNS and relay motor (movement) commands to muscle, controls voluntary movement

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14
Q

What does the Autonomic nervous system contain?

A

Sympathetic Nervous sytem (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic Nervous system (Rest & digest)

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15
Q

Central vs Peripheral

A
  • CNS- brain and spinal cord
  • PNS= nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord
  • PNS links the CNS to rest of body
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16
Q

The 4 lobes in the brain

A
  • Frontal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Parietal
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17
Q

CNS- Nuclei & tracts

A
  • In general, neuronal cell bodies reside in nuclei and cortex (grey matter), whereas tracts contain axons (white matter)
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18
Q

4 different nuclei and tracts

A

Brainstem nuclei
Spinal cord nuclei
Spinal cord tracts
Tracts in the cerebrum

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19
Q

CNS- Meninges

A
  • 3 membranes that overlie the brain and spinal cord
  • Clinically relevant- infection (meningitis), bleeds, tumours (meningioma, metastasis)
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20
Q

What are the 3 membranes of the meninges?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (out to in)
21
Q

PNS- spinal nerves (how many)

Study These Flashcards
A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

22
Q

PNS- Cranial Nerves (3 types)

Study These Flashcards
A

Red- sensory
Black- motor
Green- mixed

23
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Somatic nervous system- aka voluntary nervous system
  • Controls voluntary movements, and receives sensory info
  • Nerves of the somatic reflex arc
24
Q

Somatic nervous system

Study These Flashcards
A

Dermatomes- show the areas of skin supplied by one spinal nerve
Myotomes- muscle groups innervated by one spinal nerve

25
Somatic pathways
- Somatic sensory (afferent), cell body of sensory neurone in sensory ganglia - Somatic motor (efferent), cell body of motor neurone in CNS
26
Autonomic Nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system- largely unconscious - Regulates organ function, glands, smooth muscle - Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
27
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic
Parasympathetic= rest and digest Sympathetic= fight or flight
28
Autonomic pathways
Motor (efferent) - Cell body of preganglionic neurone in the CNS - In the SNS the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurones are located in the spinal cord - In the PNS the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurones are located in the spinal cord and in the brain stem
29
Overview of Glial Cells
- Non neuronal cells in the CNS and PNS - CNS and PNS have different glia
30
What are the main roles of glial cells?
- Formation of myelin - Nutritional support - Structural support - Some have immune functions - More under investigation
31
Types of Glial cells in the CNS
- Ependymal cells - Astrocytes - Microglia - Oligodendrocytes
32
Types of Glial cells in the PNS
- Satellite cells - Schwann cells
33
Roles of Astrocytes (CNS)
- Metabolic support for neurons - Structural support - Form blood- brain barrier with capillaries - Repair following injury- "glial scar" - Increasingly understood to contribute to synaptic function - Very active area of research
34
Role of Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
- Form myelin sheaths in the CNS - One oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons - Clinically important as the site of damage in demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis
35
Role of Microglia (CNS)
- Resident immune cells of CNS, related to macrophages - As well as responding to infectious agents, they perform general maintenance: - Clear up damaged neurons - Prune unnecessary synapses - Scavenge amloid plaques- aggregated proteins, implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases
36
Role of Ependymal Cells
- Lining cells of the ventricular system of the brain, and central canal of the spinal cord - Ciliated surface aids flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Modified ependymal cells contribute to CSF production and the choroid plexus, in the ventricles
37
Role of Schwann cells (PNS)
- Support neurons in the PNS - Responsible for myelin formation in the PNS - Some schwann cells provide support without forming myelin- so called "non myelinating" schwann cells
38
Role of Satellite cells (PNS)
- Surround cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia - Suggested to regulate extracellular environment of neurons in the ganglia - Express various ion channels and transporters for neurotransmitters
39
What is Myelination?
- Increases conduction velocity- allows saltatory conduction - Ion channels concentrated at nodes of Ranvier, to regenerate signal - Lowers total charge transfer needed to conduct the action potential- reduces the work the neuron must do to maintain electrolyte balance
40
What is Nerve fibre classification based on?
Based on diameter and conduction velocity
41
A nerve fibres
- alpha= Somatic motor proprioception - beta= touch/ pressure - gamma= motor to muscle spindles - omega= pain (fast), cold, touch Larger
42
B nerve fibres
- Preganglionic sympathetic Smaller
43
C nerve fibres
- Unmyelinated - Pain (slow), hot - Post ganglionic sympathetic
44
Nerve fibre classification (4 types)
Groups 1- 4
45
What is group 1?
Proprioceptors of skeletal muscle
46
What is group 2?
Mechanoreceptors of skin
47
What is group 3?
Pain, temperature
48
What is group 4
Temp, pain, itch

IMS- Strand 10 (3 decks)

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