Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HUBS191 > Nerve and muscle > Flashcards

Nerve and muscle Flashcards

(128 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, spinal cord, (neurons and glia x2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Peripheral nerves, neurons and glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do dendrites do?

A
  • Receive input

- Send info to cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do cell bodies of neurons do?

A
  • Contains nucleus and organelles

- Sums input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does an axon do?

A
  • Carries electrical impulses

- May or may not be myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does an axon terminal do?

A
  • End (terminus) of the axon

- Neurotransmitter release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Input zone

A
  • Dendrites and cell body

- Receives chemical signals from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Summation zone

A
  • Axon hillock

- Decision to transmit signal further

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conduction zone

A
  • Axon, may be quite long

- Carry electrical signals between brain areas, to and from spinal cord, or to and from peripheral sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Output zone

A
  • Axon terminals
  • Contact with input zone of other neurons
  • Release of neurotransmitter = chemical signal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does an axon hillock do?

A

Makes decision about whether or not to pass on information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Multiple processes emanate from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Two processes emanate from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Unipolar neurons

A
  • One process emanates from the cell body

- Then branches into dendrites and axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anaxonic

A
  • Axonless
  • No distinct axon
  • All processes look alike
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Supply nutrients to neurons
  • Ensheath blood capillaries
  • Transmit information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mircroglia

A
  • Immune cells of the CNS

- Engulf microorganisms and debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • Line fluid fulled spaces of the brain and spinal cord

- Have cilia (hair-like processes) to circulate CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Support nerve fibres

- Ensheath them with myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PNS glia

A
  • Support peripheral nerve fibres
  • Ensheath them woth myelin
  • Similar to oligodendrocytes (CNS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is myelin?

A

Lipid wrapped around axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does myelination do?

A

Increases conduction velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Afferent

A

Information that goes into the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Efferent

A

Response that comes out of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Somatic efferent (motor)
Voluntary muscle control
26
Somatic afferent (sensory)
Sensory information we are aware of
27
Autonomic
The stuff we are not aware of and have no control over
28
Autonomic efferent (motor)
Involuntary muscle control
29
Autonomic afferent (sensory)
Sensory information that we don't know about
30
Upper motor neuron
- Cell body in brain | - Axon in spinal cord
31
Lower motor neuron
- Cell body in spinal cord | - Axon in spinal nerve
32
Effectors
Skeletal muscle fibres
33
Neuron 1 between brain and effector
- Cell body in brain | - Axon in brain or spinal cord (CNS)
34
Neuron 2 between brain and effector
- Cell body in brain or spinal cord (CNS) | - Axon in PNS
35
Neuron 3 between brain and effector
- Cell body in CNS | - Axon in PNS
36
Sympathetic
Prepares body for acute/stress responses
37
Parasympathetic
Prepares the body for restful situations
38
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Place where preganglionic (neuron 2) axons synapse
39
What is an action potential?
The basis of all neuronal communication. They are like electrical impulses
40
What creates membrane potential?
The distribution of ions
41
What is the resting membrane potential?
-70mV
42
Absolute refractory period
A second action potential can not be initiated no matter how large the stimulus is
43
Relative refractory period
Immediately after the absolute refractory period, the initiation of second action potential is inhibited but no impossible
44
What is the nodes of ranvier?
Gaps in between myelination to increase conduction
45
Temporal summation
If stimuli occur one after the other, they are more likely to create an action potential
46
Spatial summation
If two or more stimuli reach the neuron at the same time, they will summate together so it's more likely to create an action potential
47
Synaptic transmission
Making connections
48
How many segments do spinal cords have?
31
49
Cauda Equina
Spinal nerve roots distal to the tip of adult spinal cord
50
White matter
Regions in the CNS that are dominated by myelinated axons
51
Gray matter
Areas in the CNS that are dominated by neuron cell bodies, neuroglia and unmyelinated axons
52
Meninges
Protective covering for the brain
53
What are the three layers of meninges
1. Dura matter 2. Arachnoid 3. Pia matter
54
Dura mater five features
1. Outer 2. Dense and fibrous 3. Two layers 4. Space between the layers forms venus sinuses 5. Inner layer forms the dural folds
55
Dural folds three features
1. Formed from inner layer of dura mater 2. Seperate major divisions in the brain 3. Provide stability of the brain within cranium
56
Falx cerebri
- Seperates cerebral hemispheres | - Median plane
57
Falx cerebelli
- Seperates cerebellar hemispheres | - Median plane
58
Tentorium cerebelli
- Seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum | - Horizontal plane
59
Venous sinus three features
1. Located where the two layers of dura mater seperate 2. Collecting veins 3. They collect venous blood from the brain, 'old' CSF after it has cycled through the ventricular system
60
What is arachnoid mater
Layer beneath the dura mater
61
Arachnoid mater five features
1. Layer beneath the dura mater 2. layer above the pia mater 3. Does not extend into sulcui 4. Contains 2 features - subarachnoid space, arachnoid granulations 5. Contains blood vessels
62
Special features of arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space - Between the arachnoid and the pia mater - Filled with cerebrospinal fluid Arachnoid granulations - Perforate the inner layer of dura mater - Transport 'old' CSF from subrachnoid space into venous sinus
63
Pia mater four features
1. Inner layer of the mninges 2. Transparent and delicate 3. Blood vessels in achnoid sit on top of pia mater 4. Adheres to brain and follows gyri and extends into sulci
64
The ventricular system four features
1. Network of interconnected spaces within the brain 2. Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which nourishes and protects the brain 3. Spaces lined with ependymal cells, which circulate the CSF 4. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus
65
Lateral ventricles
- Two of them | - One in each cerebral hemisphere
66
Third ventricle
Located in the diencephalon
67
Cerebral aqueduct
- Connects 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle | - Located in the midbrain
68
Fourth ventricle
Located at the level of the cerebellum
69
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) four features
1. Surrounds the CNS 2. Provides support and cushion 3. Transports nutrients and waste 4. Produced by choroid plexus within the ventricles
70
Four lobes of the brain
1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Temporal lobe 4. Occipital lobe
71
Frontal lobe functions
- Language - Personality - Motor control
72
Parietal lobe
- Somatosensory
73
Occipital lobe
- Vision
74
Temporal lobe
- Memory | - Hearing
75
Central sulcus
Separates frontal and parietal lobes
76
Lateral sulcus
Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
77
Parieto - occipital sulcus
Separates parietal and occipital lobes
78
Transverse fissure
Separates cerebrum from cerebellum
79
What does the cerebellum do?
Coordinating the body and cerebrum
80
What does the brain stem consist of?
- Mid brain - Pons - Medulla oblongata
81
What are the three types of white matter?
1. Commissural tracts 2. Projection tracts 3. Association tracts
82
Neurotransmitter for somatic efferent (motor) division
Acetylcholine (ACh)
83
What horn of the spinal cord are somatic motor neurons in?
Ventral
84
What horn of the spinal cord are the autonomic motor neurons in?
Lateral
85
What root ganglion are the cell bodies of sensory neurons in?
Dorsal
86
What would happen if there was damage to the dorsal nerve root?
- Loss of sensation on same side of regions supplied with this spinal nerve.
87
Commissural tracts
Axons cross from side to side; both directions
88
Projection tracts
Axons extend between cortex and other CNS areas outside cerebrum
89
Association tracts
- Axons on the same side within cerebral cortex | - Communication between brain areas - short or long distance
90
Primary motor cortex
Execution of movement
91
Upper motor neuron (neuron #1)
1. Cell body in primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) 2. Axon extends from motor cortex to spinal cord on opposite side 3. Makes synapse on lower motor neuron
92
Lower motor neuron (neuron #2)
1. Cell body in ventral horn (grey matter) of spinal cord 2. Axon extends out of spinal cord (ventral root) into body 3. Makes synapse on skeletal muscle
93
Damage to the primary motor cortex
Muscle weakness and paralysis in region of body corresponding to the location of damage
94
Spinal reflexes
- Organised neural circuit - Usually contained within spinal cord - Reproducible, automatic response to a particular stimulus
95
Process of spinal reflexes
1. Stimulation of a receptor 2. Activation of a sensory neuron 3. Information processing in the CNS 4. Activation of a motor neuron 5. Response of a peripheral effector
96
Summation
The more local potentials occurring at the dendrites, the more likely the axon hillock will 'decide' to propagate the depolarisation
97
What is a muscle spindle formed of
Intrafusal fibres found deep in skeletal muscle
98
Withdrawal reflex
Often caused by painful stimulus
99
What is 'turned off' during a withdrawal reflex
An inhibitory neuron
100
Motor unit recruitment
Activate more motor units which increases the possible amount of contraction
101
What is a motor unit
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates
102
Stimulation frequency
The more frequently one motor unit is stimulated, the greater the tension produced by that motor unit over time
103
What happens if a motor unit is stimulated frequently?
Muscle doesn't have time to relax and tension stays high
104
Planning for movement
1. Decision in frontal lobe sent to pre-motor cortex 2. Information is sent to basal nuclei and cerebellum 3. Cerebellum helps to organise contractions of muscles in response to what is happening in environment
105
Performing movement
1. Primary motor cortex sends information to LMN 2. Sensory input of many kinds of feedback to cerebellum 3. Pre-motor cortex and cerebellum feedback to primary motor cortex - comparing intended with actual movement 4. Primary motor cortex adjusts movement and activates again
106
Role of the cerebellum
- Coordinates muscles - Compares intended movement with actual - Helps maintain posture and gaze - Helps learn and automate movements - Monitors balance and maintain equilibrium and adjusts upper motor neuron activity
107
Drunken gait
Cerebellar deficits can cause ataxia characteristic
108
Special sense of CNS
- Vision - Hearing - Taste - Smell - Balance
109
Somatic sense of CNS
- Touch - Pain - Warm and cold - Body position
110
What are all sensory neurons?
Unipolar
111
What are somatosensory sensors?
Sensory endings of an afferent neuron
112
What do special senses have?
Specialised receptors which synapses into an afferent neuron
113
4 types of information that describe a sensory stimulus
Modality, intensity, duration, location
114
Modality
Type of sensory receptor activated
115
Intensity
- Frequency of action potential firing in afferent neuron - Relies on action potential frequency - Greater the intensity of the stimulus, the more action potentials produced
116
Duration
Duration of action potential firing in afferent neuron
117
Location
Location of sensory receptor activated
118
Proprioception
- Sensation of body position - Movement and posture - Maintained by muscle spindles through monitoring muscle length
119
Touch
- Many different receptors - Helps to contribute to proprioception - Can tell smooth from rough, moving from still, hard from soft
120
Stimulus duration
- Sensory receptors are most sensitive to change - Often show adaptation - Frequently repeated stimulus = more action potentials
121
Receptive field
Region in which a stimulus can lead to activity in a particular afferent neuron
122
What size field in a receptor field will give good discrimination?
Small
123
Integration
- Cerebral cortex | - Conscious sensation and perception
124
Afferent neurons
- Peripheral nerve | - Tract or pathway
125
Sensory receptor
Sensory stimulus converted into action potentials
126
Sensation
- Conscious identification of 'what' and 'where'. | - Primary region of cortex
127
Perception
- Meaningful interpretation of sensation | - Secondary region of cortex
128
Somatotopic organisation
Areas of cortex correspond to areas of the body

HUBS191 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions