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Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where are cell bodies for sympathetic neurons found?

A

T1-L3, thoracolumbar region

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2
Q

Where are cell bodies for parasympathetic neurons found?

A

In the cranial and sacral regions

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3
Q

Define: chronotropic

A

An effect that changes heart rate

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4
Q

Define: inotropic

A

An effect that changes the strength of muscular contraction

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5
Q

Are autonomic preganglionic axons of small/large diameter? Are they myelinated/unmyelinated? Do they conduct impulsues fast/slow?

A

Small, myelinated, slow

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6
Q

Are postganglionic axons of small/large diameter? Are they myelinated/unmyelinated? Do they conduct impulsues fast/slow?

A

Small, unmyelinated, slow

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7
Q

Are somatic axons of small/large diameter? Are they myelinated/unmyelinated? Do they conduct impulsues fast/slow?

A

Large, myelinated, fast

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8
Q

Do sympathetics or parasympathetics have greater divergence?

A

Sympathetics- contact 100 postganglionic neurons. Paras contact about 15

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9
Q

Define: en passant synapses

A

When a neuron makes multiple synapses. This is common for ANS neurons

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10
Q

What are three ways in which the sympathetic NS has broad effects?

A
  1. Divergence
  2. En passant synapses
  3. Stimulation of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla causing the release of epi/norepi into the bloodstream
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11
Q

Preganglionic symps and paras signal with this neurotransmitter which acts on this receptor (and it is ionotropic/metabotropic)

A

Acetylcholine, N2 nicotinic cholinergic receptor, ionotropic

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12
Q

Somatic neurons signal with _____ neurotransmitter on ______ receptors which are (ionotropic/metabotropic)

A

Acetylcholine, N1 nicotinic cholinergic receptors, ionotropic

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13
Q

Postganglionic paras signal with _____ neurotransmitter on ______ receptors which are (ionotropic/metabotropic)

A

Acetylcholine, M muscarinic cholinergic receptors, metabotropic

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14
Q

Postganglionic symps signal with _____ neurotransmitter on ______ receptors which are (ionotropic/metabotropic)

A

Epininephrine and norepinephrine, a1, b1 and b2 adrenergic receptors, metabotropic

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15
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Cells in the adrenal medulla with N2 receptors that release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood upon stimulation from preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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16
Q

Where are a1 adrenergic receptors found? What neurotransmitter preferentially binds them?

A

In the vasculature. Norepinephrine

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17
Q

Where are B adrenergic receptors found? What neurotransmitter preferentially binds them?

A

In the heart, lungs and liver. Epinephrine

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18
Q

What innervates eccrine sweat glands? What receptor do they have?

A

Postgang symps via acetylcholine. Muscarinic receptors

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19
Q

What do a1 adrenergic receptors cause release of in a cell?

A

Calcium (cytoplasmic concentration increases)

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20
Q

What do B1 and B2 adrenergic receptors cause production of in a cell?

A

cAMP

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21
Q

What do nicotinic cholinergic receptors cause in a cell?

A

Influx of sodium, efflux of potassium

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22
Q

What do M1, M3, M5 muscarinic cholinergic receptors cause in a cell?

A

Increased cytoplasmic calcium concentration

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23
Q

What do M2, M4 muscarinic cholinergic receptors cause in a cell?

A

Decreased cAMP production

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24
Q

What is a N1 receptor antagonist?

A

d-tubocurarine

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25
What is a N2 receptor antagonist?
hexamethonium
26
What is an M receptor antagonist?
Atropine
27
What is a propranolol?
A B1 adrenergic receptor antagonist
28
What are the four phases of an action potential?
Rising (depolarizing) phase, overshoot phase, falling (reporlarizing) phase, undershoot phase
29
Which ion is essential for the generation of an action potential (in most neurons)?
Sodium
30
What ion causes the undershoot phase of the action potential?
Potassium
31
What is the absolute refractory period? What creates it?
A period when no action potentials can be conducted in response to stimuli. Inactivation of Na+ channels.
32
What is the relative refractory period? When does this occur?
When a cell can conduct an action potential but needs greater stimulation to do so because it is hyperpolarized. During the undershoot phase.
33
Explain voltage clamp recording
A negative feedback loop prevents voltage from changing across a cell membrane by injecting a current equal and opposite to the current flowing through the voltage-gated channels.
34
What two currents are involved in an action potential?
An early inward Na+ current and a late outward K+ current
35
How does an action potential propagate?
Na+ ions entering a neuron passively flow down an axon, depolarizing different parts of the membrane and opening Na+ channels there
36
How does myelination change action potential propagation?
Increased insulation and diameter and decreased capacitance all speed propagation. Potentials jump between nodes of ranvier in saltatory conduction
37
What are dendrites specialized for?
Receiving synaptic signals
38
What goes on in the cell soma of a neuron?
Housekeeping functions i.e. protein synthesis and degradation
39
What does an axon do?
Transmits all-or-none action potentials
40
What happens at the presynaptic terminal?
An electrical signal (action potential) is converted into a chemical one (neurotransmitter)
41
Kinesin is a (+ or -) directed motor that moves along microtubules in a/an (anterograde/retrograde) fashion
+-end directed, anterograde transport of mitochondria and vesicles
42
Dynein is a (+ or -) directed motor that moves along microtubules in a/an (anterograde/retrograde) fashion
(-)- end directed, retrograde transport of degraded vesicular membranes and toxins/viruses/growth factors
43
What are some advantages and disadvantages of electrical synapses?
They are fast and synchronous. However, there is no directionality of transfer, little inhibitory signaling, and the mode is not very selective.
44
What are the 7 steps for synaptic transmission at a chemical synapse
Neurotransmitter is made and packaged into vesicles-> an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal-> Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the cell-> Neurotransmitter vesicles fuse with the presynaptic cell membrane-> neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell-> response in the postsynaptic cell-> neurotransmitter taken up or degraded
45
Name a V-SNARE involved in vesicular fusion at the nerve cell membrane
Synaptobrevin
46
Name two T-SNAREs involved in vesicular fusion at the nerve cell membrane
SNAP-25 and Syntaxin
47
Define: ionotropic receptor
A ligand-gated ion channel
48
Define: metabotropic receptor
A G-protein coupled receptor
49
Which receptor initiates a more rapid response, an ionotropic or a metabotropic receptor?
Ionotropic
50
How does glutamate create excitatory post-synaptic potentials? (2 ways- fast and slow)
Fast- AMPA channels mediate Na+, K+ flow down their gradients, depolarizing the cell Slow- In addition to AMPA, NMDA receptors allow Na+, K+, and Ca2+ to flow down their gradients, depolarizing the cell.
51
How does GABA create inhibitory post-synaptic potentials?
GABA binding opens Cl- channels, allowing Cl- into a neuron and hyperpolarizing the cell
52
Define summation as it relates to action potentials
If a neuron is stimulated at the end of an action potential by either the same neuron that caused the first action potential (temporal) or a different neuron (spatial), the depolarizations are additive and can create an action potential.
53
What is pheochromocytoma? What are some effects of having this disease?
A tumor of the adrenal medulla (usually) that causes increased norepi (or epi or both) secretion. Can cause hypertension, heart palpitations, flushing, cold hands and feed, nausea, headaches.
54
What is Horner's syndrome? What are three effects of this disease?
A loss of sympathetic innervation of one side of the face. Ptosis (eyelid drooping), anhidrosis (lack of sweating) and miosis (partial constriction of the pupil).
55
What are some examples of parasympathetic activation in the body?
Pupillary constriction, glandular secretion, decreased heart rate, bronchioconstriction, GI motility, erection, bladder/rectal emptying
56
Where does the vagus nerve (Cr X) originate?
Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the nucleus ambiguus. Both are in the medulla (brain stem)
57
What is the nucleus tractus solitarius?
The major regulator of mean arterial pressure
58
What does the myenteric plexus control?
GI motility
59
What does the submucosal plexus control in the gut?
Secretion
60
How does the sympathetic nervous system maintain homeostasis during exercise?
It redistributes blood by causing vasoconstriction of some capillary beds and vasodilation of others (i.e. heart, muscle)
61
How does the parasympathetic nervous system maintain homeostasis during digestion?
It enhances motility by increasing wall muscle tone and decreasing sphincter tone. It also increases secretion from the stomach and pancreas.
62
How does descending cortical control influence the autonomic nervous system?
Certain higher order functions are controlled by nuclei in the brain. Additionally, emotions or certain situations can cause autonomic responses (i.e. fear initiates the fight-or-flight response)
63
What are some examples of when visceral afferents can overwhelm cortical function?
Hunger, nausea, dyspnea, visceral pain, bladder/bowel distension, hypothermia, hyperthermia

Physiology (13 decks)

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