Nerves

Question 1

Olfactory n. (CNI)

Answer 1

special sensory (olfaction) innervation of olfactory epithelium -> back to olfactory bulb

Question 2

Optic n. (CNII)

Answer 2

special sensory innervation (vision) of the neural retina -> diencephalon & midbrain

axons on medial side of retina synapse at lateral geniculate nucleus on opposite side of midline; axons on lateral side of retina synapse at lateral geniculate nucleus on same side of midline

Question 3

Oculomotor n. (CNIII) - superior ramus

Answer 3

originates in oculomotor nucleus of midbrain; branches at superior orbital fissure

sensory [communication from the ophthalmic nerve in the superior orbital fissure], postganglionic sympathetic [communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus] & motor innervation [oculomotor nucleus of the midbrain] of the superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles

Question 4

Oculomotor n. (CNIII) - inferior ramus

Answer 4

originates in oculomotor nucleus of midbrain; branches at superior orbital fissure

sensory [communication from the ophthalmic nerve in the superior orbital fissure], postganglionic sympathetic [communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus] & motor (lmn) innervation [oculomotor nucleus of the midbrain] of the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles

Question 5

Oculomotor n. (CNIII) - parasympathetic

Answer 5

preganglionic axons originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel with the inferior ramus, and synapse at the ciliary ganglion; postganglionic axons travel with the short ciliary nerve (div. of opthalmic br of trigeminal V)

innervation of constrictor muscles surrounding pupil & ciliary body

Question 6

Trochlear n. (CNIV)

Answer 6

axons originate in trochlear nucleus of midbrain; pass through superior orbital fissure

motor innervation of superior oblique muscle (superior oblique muscle passes through the trochlea), sensory (communication from the ophthalmic nerve in the superior orbital fissure), postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus)

Question 7

Trigeminal n. (CNV)

Answer 7

1. Opthalmic n. (V₁)
2. Maxillary (V₂)
3. Mandibular (V₃)

Question 8

Ophthalmic n. (V₁)

Answer 8

sensory, & postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus) innervation of skin (forehead, upper lid & nose), cornea, mucosa (nasal cavity) & extraocular muscles

1. Lacrimal n.
2. Frontal n.
3. Nasociliary n.

Question 9

Nasociliary n.

Answer 9

branch of Opthalmic n. (V₁) -> div of Trigeminal n.; passes through and branches at the superior orbital fissure

1. Anterior ethmoidal n.
2. Posterior ethmoidal n.
3. Long ciliary n.
4. Short ciliary n.
5. Infratrochlear n.

Question 10

Anterior ethmoidal n.

Answer 10

branch of the Nasociliary n. (Ophthalmic n. -> div of Trigeminal n.); passes through the anterior ethmoidal foramen, branches into internal and external nasal nerves after exiting the cribiform plate

sensory & postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus) innervation of the mucosa of the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses, the mucosa of the superior aspect of the nasal cavity, the skin overlying the nose

Question 11

Posterior ethmoidal n.

Answer 11

branch of the Nasociliary n. (Opthalmic n. -> div of Trigeminal n.); passes through the posterior ethmoidal foramen

sensory & postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus) innervation of the mucosa of the sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses and superior nasal cavity

Question 12

Infratrochlear n.

Answer 12

branch of the Nasociliary n. (Opthalmic n. -> div of Trigeminal n.)

sensory & postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus) innervation of the skin overlying the bridge of the nose

Question 13

Short ciliary n.

Answer 13

branch of the Nasociliary n. (Opthalmic n. -> div of Trigeminal n.)

sensory & postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus) innervation of the eye

postganglionic sympathetic & **postganglionic parasympathetic ** (axons arise from ciliary ganglion) innervation of the dilator (sympathetic) and constrictor (parasympathetic) muscles of the iris

This nerve is “stuck” to the ciliary ganglion

Question 14

Long ciliary n.

Answer 14

branch of the Nasociliary n. (Opthalmic n. -> div of Trigeminal n.)

sensory & postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus) innervation of the eye, and postganglionic sympathetic innervation of the dilator muscle of the iris

Question 15

Frontal n.

Answer 15

branch of Opthalmic n. (V₁) -> div of Trigeminal n.

1. Supraorbital n.
2. Supratrochlear n.

Question 16

Supraorbital n.

Answer 16

branch of Frontal n. (Opthalmic n. (V₁) -> div of Trigeminal n.)

sensory & postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus) innervation of the skin overlying the forehead & mucosa of frontal sinus

Question 17

Supratrochlear n.

Answer 17

branch of Frontal n. (Opthalmic n. (V₁) -> div of Trigeminal n.)

sensory & postganglionic sympathetic innervation (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus) of the skin overlying the medial aspect of the forehead

Question 18

Lacrimal n.

Answer 18

branch of Opthalmic n. (V₁) -> div of Trigeminal n.

sensory & postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus) innervation of the lacrimal gland and the skin overlying the lateral aspect of the upper lid, and forehead & postganglionic parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland (communication from the pterygopalatine ganglion via the zygomatic nerve)

Question 19

Maxillary n. (V₂)

Answer 19

division of Trigeminal n. (CNV)

sensory, & postganglionic sympathetic (communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus & n. of pterygoid canal) innervation of skin (lower lid, nose, upper lip, cheek & cheekbone), mucosa (nasal cavity, oral cavity & pharynx) & dental pulp (upper teeth)

1. Pterygopalatine nerves (emerge from ganglion)
2. Zygomatic n.
3. Posterior superior alveolar n.
4. Infraorbital n.

Question 20

Pterygopalatine nerves

Answer 20

emerge from the pterygopalatine ganglion, branches of Maxillary n. (V₂) (division of Trigeminal n. CNV)

1. Pharyngeal n.
2. Lateral posterior superior nasal n.
3. Medial (septal) posterior superior nasal n. (including nasopalatine)
4. Greater palatine n.
5. Lesser palatine n.

Question 21

Pharyngeal n.

Answer 21

pterygopalatine nerve (branches of Maxillary n. (V2) -> division of Trigeminal n. CNV)

passes through pterygopalatine ganglion, passes through palatovaginal canal

sensory, postganglionic sympathetic (communication from nerve of the pterygoid canal) & postganglionic parasympathetic (axons arise from pterygopalatine ganglion) innervation of the mucosa of the nasal pharynx & auditory tube

Question 22

Lateral posterior superior nasal n.

Answer 22

pterygopalatine nerve (branches of Maxillary n. (V2) -> division of Trigeminal n. CNV)

passes through pterygopalatine ganglion and through sphenopalatine foramen

sensory, postganglionic sympathetic (communication from nerve of the pterygoid canal) & postganglionic parasympathetic (axons arise from pterygopalatine ganglion) innervation of the mucosa of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Question 23

Medial (septal) posterior superior nasal n.

Answer 23

pterygopalatine nerve (branches of Maxillary n. (V2) -\> division of Trigeminal n. CNV)
includes Nasopalatine n.

passes through pterygopalatine ganglion and sphenopalatine foramen

sensory, postganglionic sympathetic (communication from nerve of the pterygoid canal) & postganglionic parasympathetic (axons arise from pterygopalatine ganglion) innervation of the mucosa of the nasal septum and anterior hard palate and associated gingiva (nasopalatine n)

Question 24

Greater palatine n.

Answer 24

pterygopalatine nerve (branches of Maxillary n. (V2) -> division of Trigeminal n. CNV)

passes through pterygopalatine ganglion and greater palatine foramen

sensory, taste (greater petrosal), postganglionic sympathetic (communication from nerve of the pterygoid canal) & postganglionic parasympathetic (axons arise from pterygopalatine ganglion) innervation of the mucosa of the hard palate and associated gingiva

Question 25

Lesser palatine n.

Answer 25

pterygopalatine nerve (branches of Maxillary n. (V2) -\> division of Trigeminal n. CNV) passes through pterygopalatine ganglinon and lesser palatine foramen **sensory, taste** (greater petrosal), **postganglionic sympathetic** (communication from nerve of the pterygoid canal) & **postganglionic parasympathetic** (axons arise from pterygopalatine ganglion) innervation of the mucosa (both oral/anterior and pharyngeal/posterior surfaces) of the soft palate

Question 26

Zygomatic n.

Answer 26

branch of Maxillary n. (V2) -\> division of Trigeminal n. CNV branches at inferior orbital fissure, passes superior **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] innervation of the skin overlying the zygomatic arch, and **postganglionic parasympathetic** [axons arise from pterygopalatine ganglion] innervation of the lacrimal gland [communicates with the lacrimal n.] \*branches into zygomatic temporal and zygomatic facial

Question 27

Posterior superior alveolar n.

Answer 27

branch of Maxillary n. (V2) -\> division of Trigeminal n. CNV passes through pterygomaxillary fissure **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] innervation of the upper molars, and sensory, **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] & **postganglionic parasympathetic** innervation of mucosa of maxillary sinus and buccal gingiva

Question 28

Infraorbital n.

Answer 28

branch of Maxillary n. (V2) -\> division of Trigeminal n. CNV passes through infraorbital canal and infraorbital foramen **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] innervation of the skin of the upper lip, cheek, lateral nose and lower lid; and **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic and postganglionic parasympathetic** innervation of mucosa of the upper lip, labial gingival and maxillary sinus 1. Middle superior alveolar n. 2. Anterior superior alveolar n.

Question 29

Middle superior alveolar n.

Answer 29

branch of Maxillary n. (V2) -\> division of Trigeminal n. CNV passes through infraorbital canal **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] innervation of the upper premolars and sensory, **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] & **postganglionic parasympathetic innervation** of *maxillary sinus*

Question 30

Anterior superior alveolar n.

Answer 30

branch of Maxillary n. (V2) -\> division of Trigeminal n. CNV passes through infraorbital canal **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] innervation of the upper canines and incisors and **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] & **postganglionic parasympathetic** *maxillary sinus*

Question 31

Mandiular n. (V₃)

Answer 31

division of Trigeminal n. (CNV) **sensory** (skin [lower lip, chin, cheek, ear & temple], mucosa [oral cavity] & muscles of mastication), **motor, & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus via maxillary a.] 1. Meningeal branch 2. Muscular branches 3. Sensory branches

Question 32

Meningeal branch of Mandibular n. (V₃)

Answer 32

division of Trigeminal n. (CNV) passes through foramen ovale and foramen spinosum **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] innervation of the cranial dura mater

Question 33

Muscular branches of Mandibular n. (V₃)

Answer 33

division of Trigeminal n. (CNV) all pass through foramen ovale 1. Nerve to medial pterygoid 2. Masseteric n. 3. Deep temporal n. 4. Nerve to lateral pterygoid

Question 34

Nerve to the medial pterygoid

Answer 34

muscular branch of Mandibular n. (V₃) -\> division of Trigeminal n. (V) **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] & **motor** [trigeminal motor nucleus of the pons] innervation of the medial pterygoid, tensor palatini and tensor tympani muscles

Question 35

Masseteric n.

Answer 35

muscular branch of Mandibular n. (V3) -\> division of Trigeminal n. (V) **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] & **motor** [trigeminal motor nucleus of the pons] innervation of the masseter muscle

Question 36

Deep temporal n.

Answer 36

muscular branch of Mandibular n. (V3) -\> division of Trigeminal n. (V) **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] & **motor** [trigeminal motor nucleus of the pons] innervation of the temporalis muscle

Question 37

Nerve to lateral pterygoid

Answer 37

muscular branch of Mandibular n. (V3) -\> division of Trigeminal n. (V) **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communicationfrom the external carotid plexus]& **motor** [trigeminal motor nucleus of the pons] innervation of the lateral pterygoid muscle

Question 38

Sensory branches of Mandibular n. (V₃)

Answer 38

division of Trigeminal n. (V) all pass through foramen ovale 1. Buccal branch (long buccal n.) 2. Auriculotemporal n. 3. Lingual n. 4. Inferior alveolar n.

Question 39

Buccal branch (long buccal n.) of Mandibular n. (V₃)

Answer 39

division of Trigeminal n. (V) **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] innervation of the buccal skin and buccal mucosa and gingiva

Question 40

Auriculotemporal n.

Answer 40

sensory branch of Mandibular n. (V₃) -\> division of Trigeminal n. (V) **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] innervation of the TMJ, external auditory meatus and skin anterior to the ear, and **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic & postganglionic parasympathetic** [axons arise from the otic ganglion] innervation of the parotid gland

Question 41

Lingual br. of Mandibular n. (V₃)

Answer 41

sensory branch of Mandibular n. (V3) -\> division of Trigeminal n. (V) **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the external carotid plexus] innervation of the mucosa overlying the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, the floor of the oral cavity and the adjacent gingiva, **taste** innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue [communication from the chorda tympani n,], and **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic** [communication from the chorda tympani n.] innervation of the lingual, sublingual and submandibular glands [by way of the submandibular ganglion, some of the postganglionic parasympathetic axons rejoin the lingual nerve branches prior to innervating sublingual gland and minor lingual glands]

Question 42

Inferior alveolar n.

Answer 42

sensory branch of Mandibular n. (V3) -\> division of Trigeminal n. (V) passes through mandibular foramen **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] innervation of the lower teeth and their adjacent buccal and labial gingiva 1. Mental n. 2. Nerve to myohyloid

Question 43

Mental n.

Answer 43

branch of Inferior Alveolar n. (sensory branch of Mandibular n. (V3) -\> division of Trigeminal n. (V)) passes through mental foramen **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] innervation of the skin overlying the chin and lower lip, and labial mucosa and gingiva

Question 44

Nerve to myohyloid

Answer 44

branch of Inferior Alveolar n. (sensory branch of Mandibular n. (V3) -\> division of Trigeminal n. (V)) **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] & **motor** [trigeminal motor nucleus of the pons] innervation of the mylohyoid and anterior digastric muscles

Question 45

Abducens n. (CNVI)

Answer 45

axons originate in the abducens nucleus of the pons; pass through the superior orbital fissure **sensory** [communication from the ophthalmic nerve in the superior orbital fissure], **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus] & **motor** (lmn) [abducens nucleus of the pons] innervation of the lateral rectus muscle

Question 46

Facial n. (CNVII)

Answer 46

1. Geniculate ganglion (curved, like a knee) 2. Branches in the facial canal 3. Greater petrosal n. 4. Branches at the stylomastoid foramen 5. Branches on the face

Question 47

Branches of Facial n. CNVII in the facial canal

Answer 47

1. Nerve to the stapedius 2. Chorda tympani n.

Question 48

Nerve to the stapedius

Answer 48

branch of Facial n. CNVII in facial canal **motor** innervation of the stapedius muscle

Question 49

Chorda tympani n.

Answer 49

branch of Facial n. (CNVII) in facial canal **sensory [taste]** innervation of the mucosa of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue [taste axons join the lingual nerve to innervate the mucosa of the tongue], and **preganglionic parasympathetic** [superior salivatory nucleus of the pons] innervation of the submandibular ganglion [the postganglionic parasympathetic axons travel with the lingual nerve and innervate the sublingual and submandibular glands]

Question 50

Greater petrosal n.

Answer 50

branch of Facial n. (CNVII) **preganglionic parasympathetic** [superior salivatory nucleus of the pons] innervation of the pterygopalatine ganglion [postganglionic parasympathetic axons arising from the pterygopalatine ganglion join branches of the maxillary nerve to reach the lacrimal gland and the mucosa of the nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses, the nasal pharynx and roof of the oral cavity] and **sensory [taste]** innervation of mucosa of palate

Question 51

Nerve of the pterygoid canal

Answer 51

branch of Greater petrosal n. (branch of Facial n. (CNVII)) **postganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic** innervation of the pterygopalatine ganglion [postganglionic parasympathetic axons arising from the pterygopalatine ganglion join branches of the maxillary nerve to reach the lacrimal gland and the mucosa of the nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses, the nasal pharynx and roof of the oral cavity] and **taste** (palate)

Question 52

Branches of the Facial n. (CNVII) at the stylomastoid foramen

Answer 52

1. Nerve to the stylohyoid 2. Nerve to the posterior digastric 3. *Posterior auricular n.*

Question 53

Nerve to the stylohyoid

Answer 53

branch of the Facial n. (CNVII) at stylohyoid foramen **motor** [facial motor nucleus of the pons] & **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] innervation of the stylohyoid muscle

Question 54

Nerve to the posterior digastric m.

Answer 54

branch of the Facial n. (CNVII) at stylohyoid foramen **motor** [facial motor nucleus of the pons] & **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

Question 55

Branches of Facial n. (CNVII) on the face

Answer 55

1. Temporal branch 2. Zygomatic branch 3. Buccal branch 4. Marginal mandibular branch 5. Cervical branch

Question 56

Temporal br. of Facial n. (CNVII)

Answer 56

**motor** [facial motor nucleus of the pons] & **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] innervation of the corrugator supercilii, frontalis and orbicularis oculi muscles

Question 57

Zygomatic br. of Facial n. (CNVII)

Answer 57

**motor** [facial motor nucleus of the pons] & **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] innervation of the *levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris, orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus major muscles*

Question 58

Buccal br. of Facial n. (CNVII)

Answer 58

**motor** [facial motor nucleus of the pons] & **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] innervation of the *buccinator, depressor anguli oris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alequae nasi, nasalis, orbicularis oris, procerus, risorius, zygomaticus major & zygomaticus minormuscles*

Question 59

Marginal mandibular br. of Facial n. (CNVII)

Answer 59

**motor** [facial motor nucleus of the pons] & **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] innervation of the *depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis & orbicularis oris muscles*

Question 60

Cervical br. of Facial n. (CNVII)

Answer 60

**motor** [facial motor nucleus of the pons] & **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from external carotid plexus] innervation of the *platysma* muscle

Question 61

Glossopharyngeal n. (CNIX)

Answer 61

1. Superior ganglion 2. Inferior ganglion 3. Tympanic n. 4. Carotid branch 5. Pharyngeal branches 6. Tonsilar branch 7. Lingual branch 8. Nerve to the stylopharyngeus m.

Question 62

Tympanic n.

Answer 62

branch of Glossopharyngeal n. (CNIX) **sensory and postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from superior cervical ganglion] innervation of the middle ear, and **preganglionic parasympathetic** [inferior salivatory nucleus of the medulla] innervation of the otic ganglion [postganglionic axons arising from the otic ganglion travel with the auriculotemporal nerve to innervate the parotid gland]

Question 63

Carotid branch of Glossopharyngeal n. (CNIX)

Answer 63

**sensory** innervation of the carotid sinus and body

Question 64

Pharyngeal branches of Glossopharyngeal n. (CNIX)

Answer 64

**sensory and postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] innervation of the mucosa of the upper pharynx

Question 65

Tonsilar branch of Glossopharyngeal n. (CNIX)

Answer 65

**sensory and postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] innervation of the tonsilar mucosa

Question 66

Lingual br. of Glossopharyngeal n. (CNIX)

Answer 66

**sensory** [including taste] and **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] innervation of the mucosa of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

Question 67

Nerve to the stylopharyngeus m.

Answer 67

branch of Glossopharyngeal n. (CNIX) **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] & **motor** nucleus ambiguus of the medulla] innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle

Question 68

Vagus n. (CNX)

Answer 68

1. Superior (jugular) ganglion 2. Inferior (nodose) ganglion 3. Branches in the jugular fossa 4. Branches in the neck & mediastinum

Question 69

Auricular branch of Vagus n. (CNX)

Answer 69

branch of the Vagus n. (CNX) in the jugular fossa **sensory and postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] innervation of the skin of the external auditory meatus and ear

Question 70

Pharyngeal plexus

Answer 70

branch of Vagus n. (CNX) in the neck & mediastinum **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion], **motor** [nucleus ambiguus of the medulla] innervation of the all the muscles of the pharynx [except the stylopharyngeus] and the palate [except the tensor palatini]

Question 71

Carotid branch of Vagus n. (CNX)

Answer 71

branch of Vagus n. (CNX) in neck/mediastinum **sensory and postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] innervation of the carotid sinus and body

Question 72

Superior laryngeal branch of Vagus n. (CNX)

Answer 72

branches of Vagus n. (CNX) in neck/mediastinum ## Footnote 1. Internal laryngeal n. 2. External laryngeal n.

Question 73

Internal laryngeal n.

Answer 73

branch of superior laryngeal (branch of Vagus n. (CNX) in neck/mediastinum) **sensory, taste** [to epiglottis], **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] and **preganglionic parasympathetic** [dorsal motor nucleus of the medulla] innervation of the mucosa of the oral & laryngeal pharynx, epiglottis and larynx superior to the vocal folds

Question 74

External laryngeal n.

Answer 74

branch of superior laryngeal (branch of Vagus n. (CNX) in neck/mediastinum) **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] & motor (lmn) [nucleus ambiguus of the medulla] innervation of the cricothyroid, and inferior constrictor muscles

Question 75

Recurrent laryngeal n.

Answer 75

branch of Vagus n. (CNX) in neck/mediastinum **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] & **motor** [nucleus ambiguus of the medulla] innervation of all the muscles of the larynx (with the exception of the cricothyroid muscle), and the inferior constrictor muscle; **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** and **preganglionic parasympathetic** [dorsal motor nucleus of the medulla] innervation of the tracheal, laryngeopharyngeal, and laryngeal mucosa (inferior to the vocal folds)

Question 76

Accessory n. (CNXI)

Answer 76

1. Cranial root (joins pharyngeal plexus of vagus n.) 2. Spinal root - **postganglionic sympathetic** [communication from the superior cervical ganglion] & **motor** [spinal accessory nucleus of C_1-5] innervation of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 77

Hypoglossal n. (CNXII)

Answer 77

axons originate in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla; pass through the hypoglossal canal (occipital bone) **motor innervation** of genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus & intrinsic tongue muscles \*nerve will also have **sensory** (communication from the lingual nerve near the hyoglossus muscle), **postganglionic sympathetic** (communication from the superior cervical ganglion)

Question 78

Cervical spinal nerves - Dorsal rami

Answer 78

1. C₁ - suboccipital n. 2. C₂ - greater occipital n. 3. C₃ 4. C_4-8

Question 79

Cervical spinal nerves - ventral rami

Answer 79

1. Cutaneous branches 2. Sensory (non-cutaneous) branches 3. Muscular branches

Question 80

C₁ - suboccipital nerve

Answer 80

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves ## Footnote 1. Muscular branches - **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] and **motor** innervation of semispinalis capitis, inferior oblique, superior oblique, rectus capitis posterior major and rectus capitis posterior minor muscles 2. Cutaneous branch (usually not present)

Question 81

C₂ - Greater occipital n.

Answer 81

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves ## Footnote 1. Medial branch - **sensory and postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] innervation of the skin overlying the back of the head 2. Lateral branch - **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] and **motor** innervation of the splenius capitis, longissimus capitis & semispinalis capitis muscles

Question 82

Dorsal ramus C₃

Answer 82

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves ## Footnote 1. Medial branch (3rd occipital n.) - **sensory and postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] innervation of the skin overlying the suboccipital triangle 2. Lateral branch - **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] and **motor** innervation of the overlying neck muscles

Question 83

C_{4 - 8}

Answer 83

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves ## Footnote 1. Medial branches - **sensory and postganglionic sympathetic** [gray rami communicans] innervation of the skin overlying the cervical vertebrae b. Lateral branches - **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] and **motor** innervation of the overlying neck muscles

Question 84

Cutaneous branches of cervical plexus

Answer 84

All ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves ## Footnote 1. Lesser occipital n. (C₂) 2. Greater auricular n. (C_2,3) 3. Transverse cervical n. (C_2,3) 4. Supraclavicular n. (C_3,4)

Question 85

Sensory (non-cutaneous) branches of cervical plexus

Answer 85

ventral rami ## Footnote 1. Proprioceptive branches to trapezius m. - **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [gray rami communicans] innervation of the trapezius muscle 2. Proprioceptive branches to the SCM m. - **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [gray rami communicans] innervation of the SCM muscle

Question 86

Lesser occipital n. (C₂)

Answer 86

Cervical Plexus **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] innervation of the skin overlying the posterior-lateral aspect of the head and upper neck

Question 87

Great auricular n. (C_2,3)

Answer 87

Cervical Plexus **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [gray rami communicans] innervation of the skin overlying the upper SCM, lower parotid region and ear

Question 88

Transverse cervical n. (C_2,3)

Answer 88

Cervical Plexus **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [gray rami communicans] innervation of the skin overlying the lower SCM and anterior neck

Question 89

Supraclavicular n. (C_3,4)

Answer 89

Cervical Plexus **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** [gray rami communicans] innervation of the skin overlying the lower half of the posterior triangle of the neck

Question 90

Muscular branches of cervical plexus

Answer 90

ventral rami ## Footnote 1. Nerve to the geniohyoid m. (C₁) 2. Nerve to the thyrohyoid m. (C₁) 3. Superior root of the ansa cervicalis (C₁) 4. Inferior root of the ansa cervicalis (C_2,3) 5. Phrenic n. (C_3-5) 6. Misc. muscular branches

Question 91

Nerve to the geniohyoid m. (C₁)

Answer 91

muscular branch of cervical plexus **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] and **motor** innervation of the geniohyoid muscle

Question 92

Nerve to the thyrohyoid m. (C₁)

Answer 92

muscular branch of cervical plexus **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] and **motor** innervation of the thyrohyoid muscle

Question 93

Superior root of the ansa cervicalis (C₁)

Answer 93

muscular branch of cervical plexus **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [gray ramus] and **motor** innervation of the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle

Question 94

Inferior root of the ansa cervicalis (C_2,3)

Answer 94

muscular branch of cervical plexus **sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [gray rami communicans] and **motor** innervation of the sternohyoid, sternothyroid and inferior belly of the omohyoid muscles

Question 95

Phrenic n. (C_3-5)

Answer 95

muscular branch of cervical plexus **sensory & postganglionic sympathetic** innervation to pericardium & central tendon (& adjacent pleura & peritoneum); **motor** & **postganglionic sympathetic** innervation to diaphragm

Question 96

Misc. muscular branches of cervical plexus

Answer 96

**sensory, postganglionic sympathetic** [gray rami communicans] & **motor** innervation of the longus capitis, longus coli, & anterior, middle & posterior scalene muscles