Nerves

Question 1

enteric nervous system

Answer 1

NS around the gut area - not related rn

Question 2

lobes of the brain

Answer 2

1. frontal
2. temporal
3. parietal
4. occipital

Question 3

frontal lobe

Answer 3

cognitive thinking

located behind the forehead

Question 4

temporal lobe

Answer 4

auditory cortex
site of seizure activity in epilepsy
located as the side

Question 5

parietal

Answer 5

sensations

located in the middle

Question 6

occipital

Answer 6

sight

located at the back

Question 7

diencephalon

Answer 7

hypothalamus - neuroendocrine regulator, mating, feeding, drinking

thalamus - sensory info

Question 8

brain stem

Answer 8

midbrain
pons - control respiratory rhythm
medulla - controls heart rate

Question 9

axon hillock function

Answer 9

a segment of the axon just below the cell body where all of the sensory information is assessed and where the cell decides whether there should be an action potential or not

Question 10

glia cells

Answer 10

glia makes up 90% of the CNS
astrocytes - maintain optimal environment around the neurons
oligodendrocytes - produced myelin sheaths
microglia - activated when there is an infection
ependymal cells - produce spinal fluid

Question 11

the main reason for negative resting membrane potential

Answer 11

the leaky K+ channels,

the Na+/K+ channel is only there to establish the concentration gradient for K+ to leak out of the cell.

Question 12

muscle resting membrane potential vs nerve cells

Answer 12

-90mV and -70mV

Question 13

things that contribute to the RMP of -70mV

Answer 13

1. leaky K channels (that is not too specific) –> main reason
2. Na/K pump
3. negatively charged proteins trapped within the cell

Question 14

variations of the graded potential

Answer 14

1. generator potential - at sensory receptors
2. postsynaptic - at synapses
3. end plate potential - at NMJ
4. pacemake potential - pacemakers in the heart, if there is an issue of unstable RMP, that would lead to slow increase of membrane potential and firing of AP

Question 15

3 main characteristics of graded potential

Answer 15

1. decremental
2. graded (toned)
3. depolarising or hyperpolarizing
4. can summate

Question 16

evoking EPSP

Answer 16

• closing K+ channels
• opening Na+ channels

(closing Cl- channels would work but it is originally closed, and opening Ca2+ channels is not ideal)

Question 17

evoking IPSP

Answer 17

• opening K+ channels
• opening Cl- channels

(closing Na+ and Ca2+ channels could work, but they are already originally closed)

Question 18

fast and slow EPSP mechanism

Answer 18

fast: (ionotropic)
GABA or glycine binds to Cl- ion gated channels directly

slow: (metabrotropic - second messenger receptors)
GABA or glycine binds to the G protein that will affect the receptor of the K+ ion gated channel. therefore this will take a while longer

Question 19

fast and slow IPSP

Answer 19

fast: (ionotropic)
neurotransmitter glutamate binds to Na+ ion gated channel directly, resulting in a little bit of K+ going out while a lot of Na+ going in.

slow: (metabrotropic)
glutamate binds to another G protein that indirectly closes the leaky K+ channels (not ion gated), preventing K+ from leaving the cell and for depolarization to happen very slowly

Question 20

graded vs action potentail - channels

Answer 20

graded: ion-gated channels
action: voltage-gated channels

Question 21

toxins that block V-gated Na+ channels in AP

Answer 21

procain/lidocaine
tetrodotoxin
saxotoxin

Question 22

Na+ vs K+ V gated channels

Answer 22

Na+ opens fast and closes fast

K+ opens slow and closes slow

Question 23

characteristics of AP

Answer 23

1. have a threshold
2. all or none
3. not summative, cannot reflect stimulus intensity through amplitude, because all APs fire with equal strength. It can only demonstrate through the frequency from which it is fired.
4. self-propagating (passive)
5. slow propagating without myelination.

Question 24

methods of increasing the speed of AP

Answer 24

1. increasing axon size - octopus

2. myelination

Question 25

diseases caused by demyelination

Answer 25

multiple sclerosis | Guilain-Barre syndrome

Question 26

faster vs slower/smaller AP firing neuron

Answer 26

faster: more sensitive to anoxia (lack of blood) | slower/smaller: more sensitive to anesthesia

Question 27

different nerves sensitivity (fast, slow)

Answer 27

``` A alpha - proprioception, motoneuron A beta - touch, pressure A gamma - motoneurons of muscle spindles A delta - touch, cold, fast pain B - preganglionic autonomic fibers C - heat, slow pain ```

Question 28

what is the neurotransmitter and type of receptor at NMJ

Answer 28

neurotransmitter: Ach receptor: nicotinic

Question 29

enzyme that gets rid of Ach

Answer 29

Acetylecholinesterase

Question 30

toxins affecting the NMJ

Answer 30

tetrodotoxin (pufferfish) - blocks Na+ channels (AP) nemicholinim - inhibits choline reuptake joro spider toxin/black widow spider toxin - blocks V gated Ca2+ channels and Ach release botulinum - disrupts Ach exocytosis release machinery - treats spasms curane - blocks Ach receptor and prevent endplate potential anti acetylcholinesterase - block Ach breakdown and increase transmission at the NMJ nonstop - treatment of myasthenic syndrome - goes against non/depolarizing and butolinum d-tubocuranine - nondepolarizing blocker that blocks Ach receptors by acting as competitive inhibitor - paralysis during surgery succynylcholine, suxmethoneum - depolarizing nicotinic receptor blockers and stopping Ach binding - paralysis during surgery

Question 31

5 things that complicate the CNS synapses

Answer 31

1. neurotransmitter range 2. range of presynaptic potentials 3. anatomical arrangements 4. synaptic connectivity 5. synaptic potential

Question 32

CNS neurotransmitters

Answer 32

``` Ach norepinephrine dopamine serotonin (SHT) histamine glutamate GABA glycine peptides ATP NO - produced on demand, lipid soluble adenosine ```

Question 33

CNS postsynaptic potentials

Answer 33

ionotropic - Fast EPSP/IPSP | metanotropic - slow EPSP/IPSP

Question 34

CNS anatomical arrangement of synapses

Answer 34

axo somatic - synapse btw the axon to 1 neuron and the body of the other axo dendritic - btw dendrites of 2 neurons axo axonal - btw the axons of 2 neurons

Question 35

CNS synaptic connectivity

Answer 35

divergence convergence monosynaptic reflex feedback inhibition

Question 36

CNS synaptic potential

Answer 36

CNS has smaller potential than NMJ and relies on integration

Question 37

targets of acetylcholine neurotransmitters

Answer 37

nicotinic | muscarinic

Question 38

targets of nor/adrenaline

Answer 38

alpha receptors | beta receptors

Question 39

cholinergic vs adrenergic receptors

Answer 39

those that respond to Ach and NA/A

Question 40

nonadrenergic nocholingeric transmitters (NANC transmitters)

Answer 40

transmitters that are neither Ach or NA/A | Ex. peptides, NO

Question 41

dual innveration

Answer 41

antagonistic: radial and circular(sphincter) muscle control of the eyes complementary: ejaculation and erection control

Question 42

single innveration

Answer 42

uses tone: | energy storage control in the liver and adipose tissue by SNS and PSNS has no effect

Question 43

things that improve NMJ function

Answer 43

3,4 aminopyridine - prolong action potential | esterine - block Ach breakdown by inhibiting aceylcholinesterase

Question 44

toxins affecting the ANS ganglia

Answer 44

same as NMJ, except for: hexamethoneum - block Ach channel mecylamine - nondepolarizing nicotinic receptor suxamethoneum - depolarizing nicotinic receptor no clinical use improved by activating the N1 nicotinic receptors, these are much more potent than the N2 in NMJ