Nerves and Muscles Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Name the three functions of muscle
A
- Movement
- Static support
- Heat production
2
Q
Name the three different types of muscle
A
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
3
Q
Where would you find skeletal muscle?
A
Attached to the skeleton
4
Q
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle
A
Locomotion
5
Q
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
A
Voluntary
6
Q
Where would you find cardiac muscle?
A
In the heart
7
Q
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
A
Involuntary
8
Q
How can cardiac muscle be identified histologically
A
- Single nucleus
- Branched
- Intercalated disks
9
Q
Where would you find smooth muscle?
A
In the walls of vessels and organs
10
Q
What is the role of smooth muscle?
A
To one substances and restrict flow
11
Q
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
A
Involuntary
12
Q
What is the distinctive histological features of smooth muscle
A
Single nucleus
13
Q
Name the only organ in the body that I directly attached to a muscle
A
The eye
14
Q
What is a bundle of muscle fibres called?
A
A muscle fascile
15
Q
What is the name of the thin membrane that covers a SINGLE muscle cell?
A
Endomysium
16
Q
What is the name of the thin membrane that covers a bundle of muscle cells (fascile)?
A
Perimysium
17
Q
What is meant by “one motor unit”?
A
One motor unit= one neuron supplying a varying number of muscle fibres to evoke contraction
18
Q
name the 7 different morphological classifications of muscle
A
- Circular
- Fusiform
- Flat
- Bipennate
- Unipennaye
- Parallel
- Mutipennate
19
Q
What is meant by a “Bipennate”, “unipennate” and “multipennate” muscle?
A
- bipinnate- muscle fibres run in two directions
- Unipennate- muscle fibres run in one direction
- Multipennate- muscle fibres run in multiple directions
20
Q
Name the 4 functional classifications of muscle
A
- Agonist
- Antagonist
- Synergist
- Fixator
21
Q
What is a synergist muscle?
A
A muscle that supports the action of an agonist
22
Q
What is a fixator muscle?
A
Fixator muscles fix one group of muscles proximally.
23
Q
How do muscles attach to a bone?
A
By a tendon OR an aponeurosis
24
Q
What are tendons made from?
A
Dense connective tissue
25
Can tendons stretch?
Tendons CAN stretch but they CANNOT Shorten
26
What impact can tendons have on force?
Tendons can alter the direction of force
27
Can muscles share a tendon?
Yes
28
What is an aponeurosis?
A piece of dense connective tissue that is flat and thin
29
What do aponeurosis attach?
Aponeurosis attach muscles to other aponeurosis (aponeurosis have NO bony attachment?
30
What is the name of the join between two aponeurosis?
Linea alba
31
Do aponeuroses have a bony attachment?
NON
32
What is happening to a muscle when it contracts?
It widens and shortens
33
When a muscle passes over a joint, it will ______ ______ that joint.
When a muscle passes over a joint, it will act upon that joint.
34
Can muscles have more than one action?
Yes
35
What are muscle stem cells called and what is their function?
Muscle stem cells are called satellite cells and they heal muscle when it is injured
36
What are they two major muscle groups of the body?
Axial and appendicular muscles
37
What are axial muscles?
Muscles associated with the head and trunk
38
What are appendicular muscles
Muscles associated with the limbs which stabilise and control the movements of the pectoral and pelvic girdles
39
For muscles that cross both the axial and appendicular skeletons, which skeleton would they belong to?
Some muscles are on the axil skeleton but function on the appendicular skeleton- these are referred to as appendicular muscle. The muscles are belong to the skeleton that they FUNCTION on, not the skeleton that they originate from
40
In the arms and legs, there are flexor compartments and extensor compartments separated by __________ ______
intermuscular septa
41
Muscles of the same compartment are innervated by the same nerve- true or false?
True
42
Name the nerve that innervates the flexors of the upper arm
Musculocutaneous nerve (branch of brachil plexus)
43
Name the nerve that innervates the extensors of the upper arm
Radials nerve
44
Name the flexor muscles of the upper arm
Biceps brachii, brachialis & Coracobrachialis
45
Name the extensor muscle of the upper arm
Triceps brachii
46
Name the fixator muscle of the upper arm
The deltoid muscle
47
What is the name of the membrane that exists between the radius and ulna
Interosseous membrane
48
How many flexors and pronators are found in the forearm?
8
49
What is the nerve supply of the flexors and pronates of the forearm?
Brachial plexus
50
What is the nerve supply of the extensors and supinators of the forearm?
Radial nerve
51
How many extensors and supinators are in the forearm?
10
52
What is the function of the brachioradialis compartment of the forearm?
flexion of the forearm
53
What is the brachioradialis compartment of the forearm innervated by?
Radial nerve
54
Name the three muscles that make up the gluteal muscle
Maximus, medius and minimus
55
What is the role of the gluteal muscle?
- Acts upon the hip joint to stabilise the hips when you walk
- Gluteus maximus causes extension
- Gluteus medius and minimus cause abduction
56
What nerve is the gluteal muscle innervated by?
Sciatic nerve
57
Name the three muscle compartments of the thigh
1. Posterior compartment (Hamstrings)
2. Anterior compartment (Quadriceps)
3. Medial compartment (Addductors)
58
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstring)
Sciatic nerve
59
What action does the posterior compartment of the thigh have upon the leg?
flexes the knee
60
Name the three muscles of the hamstring
* Semimembranosus
* semitendinosus
* biceps femoris
61
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh (quadriceps)?
Femoral nerve
62
What action does the quadriceps have upon the leg?
extends the knee
63
What are the four muscles that make up the quadriceps
* vastus lateralis
* vastus medialis
* vastus intermedius
* rectus femoris
64
Describe the attachments of the anterior compartment of the thigh
- All four muscles of the quadriceps are joined to a single tendon (quadriceps tendon) which attaches to the patella tendon which attaches to the tibial tuberose
65
What nerve is the medial compartment of the thigh innervated by?
Obturator nerve
66
Name the 5 muscles that make up the medial compartment of the thigh (adductors)
* Adductor longus
* Adductor brevis
* Adductor magnus
* Gracillus muscle
* Pectineus muscle
67
What is the function of the adductors (medial compartment) of the thigh?
Brings the thighs together
68
Name the membrane that separates the tibia and fib
Interosseous membrane
69
How many muscle compartments are there in the lower legs
3
70
Name the three muscle compartments of the lower leg
1. Dorsiflexors
2. Plantarflexors
3. Evertors
71
Name the nerve that innervates the lower leg
Sciatic nerve
72
Where are the dorsiflexors and what is their role in the movement of the lower leg?
Dorsiflexors are found in the anterior compartment of the leg and they flex the ankle
73
Where are the plantarflexors and what is their role in the movement of the lower leg?
Plantarflexors are found in the posterior compartment and they flex the ankle and knee joints allowing you to point your toes
74
Where are the evertors and what is their role in the movement of the lower leg?
Evertors are found in the lateral compartment and the move the sole of the foot away from and to the midline
75
Name the two muscles that make up the evertors
* Parineus longus
| * Paraneus bravis
76
Name the 4 muscles of the hands
1. Hypothenar
2. Thenar
3. Interossei
4. Lumbrical
77
What kind of movement does the hypothenar muscle of the hand exert
Controls movements of the little fingers
78
What kind of movement does the thenar muscle of the hand exert
controls the movement of the thumb
79
What kind of movement does the interossei muscle of the hand exert
positional movements
80
What kind of movement does the lumbrical muscle of the hand exert
positional movements
81
What is the function of the long tendons that extend from the forearm to the hand?
Long tendons come from the forearm into the hand. Tendons help when you make a fist
82
What is the function of the muscles of the foot?
Muscles of the foot function to support walking and maintain the arches of the foot
