Nerves, Signaling, CSF, Membrane transport

Question 1

What is the endoneurium?

Answer 1

The tissue lining the innermost layer of a nerve, surrounding each individual cell

Question 2

What is the perineurium?

Answer 2

The tissue surrounding each bundle (fascicle) of nerve cells

Question 3

What is the epineurium?

Answer 3

The outermost tissue surrounding a nerve

Question 4

What structures are part of the central nervous system?

Answer 4

Brain and spinal cord

Question 5

What structures are part of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 5

All the nerves of the body including the cranial nerves

Question 6

What is an afferent nerve?

Answer 6

A nerve that receives sensory input (A= arrives)

Question 7

What is an efferent nerve?

Answer 7

A nerve that produces motor output (E= exit)

Question 8

True or false: electrical signals can travel up and down the same neuron

Answer 8

FALSE: an electrical signal can only travel one way through a certain neuron.

Question 9

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

Answer 9

The neuron

Question 10

What are dendrites?

Answer 10

The branches off the soma that receive information from their environment

Question 11

Where are the nucleus and organelles located in a neuron?

Answer 11

The soma (cell body)

Question 12

What structure of the neuron carries information from the receiving end to the transmitting end?

Answer 12

The axon

Question 13

What structure of the neuron transmits information from the neuron to the next cell?

Answer 13

Axon terminals

Question 14

What type of neuron structure is found in the CNS and motor neurons?

Answer 14

Multipolar

Question 15

What type of neuron structure is associated with the special senses like sight and smell?

Answer 15

Bipolar

Question 16

What type of neuron structure is associated with the sense of touch?

Answer 16

Unipolar

Question 17

Where do nerve bodies synapse (connect) in the brain?

Answer 17

Grey matter

Question 18

Where do the axons travel through the brain?

Answer 18

White matter

Question 19

What creates a resting transmembrane potential?

Answer 19

Difference in electrical charge inside vs. outside the cell

Question 20

What maintains the transmembrane potential?

Answer 20

Sodium-potassium pumps

Question 21

What quantity of ions does the sodium-potassium pump move?

Answer 21

3 Na out
2 K in

Question 22

This is the first part of the axon that contains voltage-gated channels & is capable of creating an action potential

Answer 22

Trigger zone

Question 23

This is a specific change in the transmembrane potential due to opening of sodium voltage gated channels and potassium voltage gated channels

Answer 23

Action potential

Question 24

This is the transmembrane potential that causes a voltage gated channel to open

Answer 24

Threshold; -55mV

Question 25

This is a depolarizing stimulus that changes the membrane potential but does not cause the membrane to reach threshold; no AP generated

Answer 25

Subthreshold stimulus

Question 26

This is a depolarizing stimulus that causes the membrane to reach (or exceed) threshold; generates an AP

Answer 26

Suprathreshold/threshold stimulus

Question 27

True or false: leak channels and sodium-potassium pump channels are always working

Answer 27

true

Question 28

These channels are located on the dendrites

Answer 28

Chemically-gated channels

Question 29

These channels are located on the axon

Answer 29

Voltage-gated Na-K channels

Question 30

These channels are located on the axon terminals

Answer 30

Voltage-gated Ca channels

Question 31

Describe graded potential

Answer 31

Depolarization that weakens the further it gets from the point of stimulus

Question 32

What is the trigger zone?

Answer 32

the first place on the neuron to contain voltage-gated channels

Question 33

Describe the relationship between graded potential and the trigger zone

Answer 33

A stimulus must be strong enough for the graded potential to travel all the way from the dendrites to the trigger zone and stay above the AP threshold

Question 34

Axon terminals release neurotransmitter through what?

Answer 34

Synaptic vesicles

Question 35

This glial cell is responsible for producing CSF

Answer 35

ependymal cell

Question 36

Where are the ependymal cells located?

Answer 36

In the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain

Question 37

How do substances cross a selectively permeable membrane?

Answer 37

Lipids and water can simply diffuse; proteins, ions, carbohydrates must travel through channels

Question 38

What is endocytosis?

Answer 38

The method of bulk transport where a cell engulfs large molecules with a vesicle to transport into the cell

Question 39

What is exocytosis?

Answer 39

The opposite of endocytosis; transport of large molecules out of a cell

Question 40

What is an example of exocytosis?

Answer 40

Neurotransmitter being released from an axon terminal on a neuron

Question 41

What is an example of endocytosis?

Answer 41

glial cells consuming neurotransmitter after the chemical has completed its task

Question 42

What is required for the Na-K pump to move 3 Na+ and 2 K+ across the membrane?

Answer 42

1 ATP

Question 43

What part of the neuron contains Na/K pump and leak channels?

Answer 43

Everywhere!!

Question 44

What part of the neuron includes chemically gated channels?

Answer 44

Dendrites

Question 45

What part of the neuron contains voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels?

Answer 45

Axon

Question 46

What part of the neuron contains voltage-gated calcium channels?

Answer 46

Axon terminals

Question 47

What path does CSF take through the brain/body?

Answer 47

Created in the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles of the brain, down through central canal of spinal cord, up into/through the subarachnoid space, pass through arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus to be absorbed into venous circulation