Nervous Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
horse SC formula
A
C7T18L6S5Cy15-21
2
Q
protective covering of brain and SC
A
meninges
3
Q
most logical and efficient neurologic exam approach
A
craniocaudal or head to tail
4
Q
12 CN
A
OOOTTAFVGVAH (Only One Of The Two Athletes Felt Very Good, Victorious, And Healthy)
1 - olfactory (S)
2 - optic (S)
3 - oculomotor (M)
4 - trochlear (M)
5 - trigeminal (B)
6 - Abducens (M)
7 - Facial (B)
8 - Vestibulocochlear (S)
9 - glossopharyngeal (B)
10 - Vagus (B)
11 - Accessory (M)
12 - hypoglossal (M)
*S - Sensory
*M - Motor
*B - both
5
Q
CNs involved in pupillary light reflex
A
2 & 3
6
Q
CNs involved in palpebral reflex
A
5 & 7
7
Q
CNs involved in gag refelx
A
9 & 10
8
Q
network of nerves w/ both sensory and reflex component
A
reflex
9
Q
grade of recumbent equine patient
A
Grade 5 (0 = no deficit)
10
Q
asymmetry causes nerve damage → _______________
A
denervation atrophy
11
Q
mm. that dilates nostrils
A
dilator naris lateralis (innervated by facial nerve)
12
Q
CNs involved in swallowing reflex
A
5, 7, 9, 10
13
Q
what is check during menace exam?
A
blink reflex
14
Q
they response to poking
A
nose, eyes corner, ears
15
Q
reflex causes contraction of cutaneous trunci mm. and is elicited by pinching or pricking the skin at the flank/body of the horse
A
panniculus reflex
16
Q
gives our horses the ability to walk without thinking about where they are placing their feet, but also to provide stability to maintain balance and stay upright, perform fine movements and make precise and sudden changes if the situation changes
A
proprioception
17
Q
T/F: equine herpesvirus and equine encephalitis are not present in PH
A
T
18
Q
backward trots
A
backing
19
Q
malformation of the vertebrae in the neck
A
Wobbler syndrome
20
Q
neurologic exams performed in horses
A
- CN exam
- FL, trunk, cutaneous trunci reflex (panniculus reflex)
- HL
- gait
21
Q
T/F: horse feels pain because of pinching its skin is normal
A
T (no pain elicited is abnormal)
22
Q
T/F: when horse moves away upon doing acupuncture meridians is normal
A
F - don’t move and no soreness
23
Q
occurs when a fly lands somewhere on the trunk of the horse and the sensory receptors of the hair and skin in the immediate area will send signals to the Panniculus Carnosus muscle causing it to twitch and vibrate to remove the invader
A
fly twitch response
24
Q
abnormal fly twitch reflex
A
5/5
25
mm. checked during tail tone
sphincter mm.
26
abnormal proprioception test
>2-5 s
27
test where tail is grabbed to check strength
sway test
- normal: strong resistance
- abnormal: loses balance
28
paired CNs originate from ___________
brainstem
29
problems in the neck and FL indicate problem in ______________
upper SC
30
problems in the torso, HL, anus, tail indicate ___________
peripheral nerve problem
31
autoimmune disease in which the connections between nerve and muscle are blocked and weakness results
myasthenia gravis (can use blood tests for diagnosis)
32
blood tests can check
metabolic disorders
poisonings
mm. disorder infxn
myasthenia gravis
33
CSF analysis results indicate:
1. increased protein = ?
2. blood = ?
3. high WBC = ?
1. encephalitis, meningitis, cancer, compressive injury
2. bleeding
3. infxn, internal bleeding
34
measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve's stimulation of the muscle
electromyography
35
invasive imaging technology that produces three dimensional detailed anatomical images
MRI
36
medical test used to measure the electrical activity of the brain
electroencephalogram - can diagnose hydrocephalus, meningitis, head injury, brain tumor, seizure
37
electric current is tested in the auditory receptors in the ears; deafness
BAER (brainstem auditory evoked response)
38
tx for
1. seizures
2. inflam
3. edema
1. anticonvulsant (diazepam)
2. corticosteroid
3. mannitol IV
39
T/F: all congenital disorders are not hereditary
T - some are caused by environmental factors
40
environmental factors
toxins, viral infxn, poisonings, ingestion of toxic plants
41
cerebral disorders affect ________
forebrain
42
T/F: peripheral nerve and mm. disorders are common in horses
F - not common
43
REM sleep disorder
narcolepsy - cause is unknown
44
T/F: narcolepsy is a cerebral disorder
T
45
breed predilection of narcolepsy
Lipizzaners
Miniature horses
Shetland ponies
Suffolks
46
characterized by transient episodes of voluntary muscle weakness precipitated by intense emotion
cataplexy
47
T/F: all narcoleptic horses exhibit cataplexy
F
48
drug that induces cataplexy
atropine and physostigmine
49
neuropeptide responsible for wakefulness, sleep activity, and arousal
hypocretin (orexin)
50
T/F: narcolepsy is rare in horses
T
51
narcolepsy tx
imipramine
52
a peripheral nerve and mm. disorder and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait
HYPP (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis)
53
muscle twitching
fasciculation
54
HYPP breed predilection
Quarter Horses
American Paint horses
Appaloosas
Quarter Horse crossbreeds
55
T/F: HYPP CSs appear between 1-2 years of age
F - 2-3 years
56
HYPP factors
- potassium-rich diets (alfalfa hay, molasses, electrolytes, kelp based supplements)
- anesth
- withholding food
- trailer rides
57
definitive diagnosis of HYPP
DNA testing
58
T/F: HYPP is characterized with hyperkalemia, hypocencentration, hypernatremia
F - hyperkalemia, hyperconcentration (low plasma), hyponatremia
59
HYPP management
1. mild - exercise, feeding grain or corn syrup, insulin
2. severe - calcium gluconate or dextrose, sodium bicarbonate
3. recurrent - acetazolamide, hydrochlorothiazide
60
surgery for HYPP that relieves airways due to mm. paralysis
tracheostomy
61
horse w/ HYPP's dietary potassium should be lowered to _________
0.6-1.1%
62
peripheral nerve dz
1. degen dz - stringhalt, equine laryngeal paralysis
2. dz caused by toxins - botulism, shaker foal syndrome, ionophore toxicity
63
involuntary exaggerated hyperflexion of hindlimbs, snapping towards abdomen
bunny hopping
64
other term for stringhalt
equine degenerative hypertonia
65
is stringhalt a blemish or unsoundness?
unsoundness
66
stringhalt tx
surgical resection of the lateral digital extensor
67
stringhalt associated with plant ingestion (ingestion of flat weed (Hypochaeris radicata) or false dandelion)
Acquired or Australian stringhalt (not exclusive to Aus) - sporadic
68
stringhalt associated with injury and resolves on its own
idiopathic or true/classical stringhalt
69
stringhalt tx (not always 100%)
1. myotenectomy of LDE
2. phenytoin - anticonvulsant
3. acepromazine - tranquilizer
70
T/F: equine laryngeal paralysis is common in males and large breeds of horses
T
71
causative agent of shaker foal syndrome (botulism)
C. botulinum (from rotting carcass and vegetation)
72
botulism definitive diagnosis
toxicology
73
most toxin can be eliminated via ______
fluid therapy
74
shaker foal sydrome tx
supportive therapy
75
T/F: there is vax for shaker foal syndrome
T - especially in endemic areas
76
animals that die of botulism is caused by?
cardiac or respi problem due to paralysis of mm.
77
- ionophore toxicity
- antiprotozoal drug mixed w/ feeds
monensin
- but horses are sensitive to even low levels
- often fatal to tx
78
3 forms of organophosphate poisoning (use of pesticides, insecticides)
1. acute - DUMBBELSS
2. intermediate - generate mm. weakness; dilated pupils
3. delayed - degen or nerves
79
rolling indicates
colic or abdominal pain
80
gait of horse w/ organophosphate poisoning
circling
81
DUMBBELSS
Diarrhea
Urination
Myosis
Bradycardia
Bronchospasm
Excitation of skeletal mm
Lacrimation
Salivation
Sweating
82
in acute form, impaired breakdown of acetylcholine → _________
cholinergic crisis
83
atrophy of suprascapularis causing swinging of shoulder
sweeney
84
causative agent of equine infectious anemia
genus Lentivirus, fam Retroviridae (monocyte-macrophage)
85
mechanical vectors of equine infectious anemia (similar to CAE and Maedi visna)
stable flies (Stomoxys), horseflies (Tabanus), deer flies (Chrysops)
86
equine infectious anemia can also be transmitted _________
iatrogenically via contaminated needles (bloodborne infxn)
87
test for equine infectious anemia
Coggins test or Agar gel immunodiffusion test
88
T/F: there is vax against equine infectious anemia
F - no vax and tx; just euthanize to prevent spread
- on race track, negative test is required
89
T/F: equine infectious anemia is zoonotic
F - not zoonotic
90
countries free from equine infectious anemia
Japan, Iceland
91
causative agent of EHV-1
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1
92
EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy transmission
nasal secretion, aborted fetus, placenta
93
other term for EHV-1
equine abortion virus, equine viral rhinopneumonitis
94
EHV-1 has a preference for __________
BVs in repro and nervous systems
95
paralysis in the HL
sling (use supportive tx)
96
EHV-1 tx
antipyretics
antibiotics
valacyclovir
97
perivascular cuffing indicates ___________
hemorrhage around nerves; accumulation of inflam cells
98
contraindicated to herpesvirus
corticosteroids
99
viral dz causes inflam in SC and brain
rabies
100
T/F: rabies is zoonotic
T
101
rabies form characterized by distress and agitation
furious form
102
rabies form characterized by paralysis of jaw and throat mm
paralytic form
103
common and indicative of paralysis
drooping of lower jaw
104
commonly used and fastest diagnostic test for rabies
direct fluorescent antibody test
105
rabies tx
none - euthanize
106
fungal dz causing SC infxn
Cryptococcus neoformans
107
drug of choice for Cryptococcus neoformans
fluconazole
108
T/F: Cryptococcus can affect dogs and cats
T
109
causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Sarcocystis neurona - primary
S. neospora
110
transmission of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
ingestion of sporocyst
111
tx for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
1. ponazuril
2. diclazuril
3. sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine - prolonged used may lead to anemia
112
T/F: alfalfa hay or green pasture prevents anemia
T
113
immunomodulator drug
levamisole
114
T/F: trapping opossums is effective management for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
F - not
115
Verminous myelitis and encephalitis
1. Setaria - eye worm
2. Halicephalobus deletriz
3. Strongylus vulgaris
116
causative agent of tetanus
C. tetani
117
the 3rd eyelid of horse w/ tetanus is _______
sunken
118
tetanus stiffness can be __________
1. localized
2. generalized
119
IP of tetanus
10-14d
120
tetanus death is due to
paralysis of respi system
121
tetanus prevention
immunization (tetanus toxoid, antitoxin)
1. mares - last 6 wks of pregnancy
2. foals - 5-8 wks of age
3. Booster - after 1 year
122
T/F: horse w/ tetanus must be kept in a dark and quiet stall
T - hypersensitive (light stimulation can trigger spasm)
123
arboviral dz
equine viral encephalomyelitis
124
other term for equine viral encephalomyelitis
equine arboviral encephalomyelitis
- can eliminate w/ presenting CS
- zoonotic
125
Group of viral disorders (birds)
1. West Nile - less severe
2. Eastern equine - more severe
3. Western equine - less severe
4. Venezuela equine - more severe
126
humans CS include ________
mild flu-like to death especially in immunocompromised and elderly; can have permanent neurologic damage
127
diagnosis of equine viral encephalomyelitis
1. CS
2. detection of antibodies IgM
128
other term for neonatal encephalopathy
neonatal maladjustment syndrome
hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
dummy foal syndrome
129
tx for neonatal encephalopathy
Madigan foal squeeze technique
- apply pressure to thorax
- mimic pelvic canal
130
tx for those w/ slow suckle response to pass Abs to foal
plasma transfusion
