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NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

WHERE DO NEURONS RECEIVE INFO?

A

DENDRITES

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2
Q

WHERE DO NEURONS SEND INFO?

A

SOMA

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3
Q

WHERE DO NEURONS SEND IMPULSES?

A

AXON

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4
Q

`WHAT ARE AXONS COMPOSED OF?

A

MYELIN SHEATH

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MYELIN SHEATH AND WHAT KIND OF CELLS PRODUCE THEM?

A

INCREASE SIGNAL SPEED; MADE SCHWANN CELLS

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6
Q

WHAT IS SALTATORY CONDUCTION?

A

SIGNAL JUMPING FROM NODE TO NODE; OCCURS IN THE NODES OF RANVIER

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7
Q

WHAT IS RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL?

A

-70mV; ESTABLISHES NEGATIVE CHARGE WITHIN INTERIOR OF THE CELL CAUSING THE CELL TO BE POLARIZED

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8
Q

WHAT ARE GLIAL CELLS?

A

SPECIALIZED, NON-NEURONAL CELLS THAT PROVIDES STRUCTURAL AND METABOLIC SUPPORT TO NEURONS; DOESNT GENERATE ACTION POTENTIALS

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9
Q

SCHWANN CELL FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

PNS; FORMS MYELIN AND INC ACTION POTENTIALS SPEED

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10
Q

OLIGODENDROCYTES FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

CNS; FORMS MYELIN AND INC ACTION POTENTIALS SPEED

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11
Q

ASTROCYTES FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

CNS; GUIDE NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGULATES SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION VIA REGULATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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12
Q

MICROGLIA FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

CNS; REMOVE DEAD CELLS AND DEBRI

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13
Q

EPENDYMAL CELLS FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

CNS: PRODUCE AND CIRCULATE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

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14
Q

WHAT IS AN EXCITATORY POST-SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL?

A

OPEN CHANNELS; DEPOLARIZING THE POST-SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE ( - TO + )

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15
Q

WHAT IS AN INHIBITORY POST-SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL?

A

POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE IS MORE (-) THAN RESTING POTENTIAL ( + TO - )

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16
Q

WHAT IS SUMMATION?

A

DECISION BY POSTSYNAPTIC NEURONS WHETHER TO FIRE AN ACTION POTENTIAL IS DETERMINED BY ADDING THE EFFECTS OF ALL SYNAPSES INVOLVED

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17
Q

WHAT IS SPATIAL SUMMATION?

A

IPSP AND EPSP SUMMED AT GIVEN MOMENT

EX: 3 POSITIVE CHARGES + 2 NEGATIVE CHARGES = OVERALL POSITIVE CHARGE

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18
Q

WHAT IS TEMPORAL SUMMATION?

A

PRESYNAPTIC FIRES ACTION POTENTIAL SO RAPIDLY THAT EPSP AND IPSP PILE ON TOP OF EACH OTHER

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19
Q

WHAT IS THE CNS MADE UP OF?

A

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD; SENSORY FUNCTION

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20
Q

WHAT IS THE PNS MADE UP OF AND FUNCTION?

A

NERVES AND SENSORY STRUCTURES OUTSIDE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD; INTEGRATIVE CENTER

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21
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 PARTS OF THE BRAIN ?

A

HINDBRAIN, MIDBRAIN, FOREBRAIN

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22
Q

WHAT IS THE MAKEUP OF THE BRAINSTEM?

A

THE MIDBRAIN, MEDULLA, AND PONS

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23
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PONS?

A
  • CONTROLS SOME AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS AND COORDINATES MOVEMENT

- PLAYS A ROLE IN BALANCE AND ANTIGRAVITY PRESSURE

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24
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MEDULLA?

A

RELAYS INFO BETWEEN OTHER BRAIN AREAS AND REGULATES VITAL AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS (BP; VOMITING)

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25
WHAT MAKES UP THE HINDBRAIN?
CEREBELLUM, MEDULLA, AND PONS
26
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBELLUM?
INTEGRATING SYSTEM, HAND-EYE COORDINATION, RECEIVES INFO FROM THE INNER EAR
27
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MIDBRAIN?
RELAYS VISUAL AND AUDITORY STARTLE REFLEXES; CONTAINS THE RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS) - RAS = AROUSAL AND WAKEFULNESS
28
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION AND MAKEUP OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM?
AMYGDALA AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS; EMOTION AND MEMORY
29
WHAT IS MAKEUP OF THE FOREBRAIN?
DICEPHALON AND TELEOCEPHALON
30
WHAT IS THE MAKEUP OF THE DICEPHALON ?
HYPOTHALAMUS, EPITHALAMUS, AND THALAMUS
31
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE THALAMUS?
SENSORY RELAY CENTER; ALL SENSORY INFO COMES HERE FIRST
32
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS?
EMOTION & AUTONOMIC FUNCTION; HORMONE PRODUCTION AND RELEASE; MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS
33
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE EPITHALAMUS?
AROUSAL; SLEEP/WAKE; CONTAINS PINEAL GLAND (MELATONIN)
34
WHAT IS THE MAKEUP OF THE TELEOCEPHALON ?
CEREBRUM AND CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
35
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBRUM?
LARGEST BRAIN REGION CONTAINING THE LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES
36
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES?
CONNECTED BY CORPUS COLLASUM; LEFT=SPEECH; RIGHT=VISUAL-SPATIAL, REASONING, AND MUSIC
37
WHAT IS WHITE MATTER?
MYELINATED AXONS IN BOTH THE CNS AND PNS
38
TRACT
WHITE MATTER IN THE BRAIN
39
COLUMN
WHITE MATTER IN THE SPINAL CORD
40
NERVE
WHITE MATTER IN THE SPINAL PNS
41
WHAT IS GREY MATTER?
UNMYELINATED AXONS IN BOTH THE CNS AND PNS
42
NUCLEUS
GREY MATTER IN THE DEEP BRAIN
43
CORTEX
GREY MATTER ON THE BRAIN SURFACE
44
HORN
GREY MATTER IN SPINAL CORD
45
GANGLION
GREY MATTER IN THE PNS
46
FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTION
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT AND PROBLEM SOLVING
47
PARIETAL LOBE FUNCTION
GENERAL SENSATIONS; GUSTATION
48
TEMPORAL LOBE FUNCTION
PROCESS AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY SENSATIONS; SHORT-TERM MEMORY
49
OCCIPITAL LOBE FUNCTION
VISUAL SENSATION AND PROCESSING
50
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT; Ach Only
51
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
52
WHAT MAKES UP THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | - PRE-> POST-> ORGAN
53
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
REST AND DIGEST - REDUCE HR, RESPIRATION RATE, AND BP - INC BLOOD FLOW; VESSELS WOULD DILATE - ACH AT ORGAN
54
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
FRIGHT, FLIGHT, FLIGHT, SEX - INC BODY ACTIVITY - INC HR, RESPIRATION RATE, AND BP - STIMULATES ADRENAL MEDULLA TO RELEASE EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE; PEPTIDE HORMONE) INTO BLOOD TO ENHANCE SYMPATHETIC EFFECTS
55
WHAT IS THE IRIS?
THE COLORED PART OF THE EYE
56
WHAT IS THE LENS?
FOCUSES LIGHT ON THE RETINA
57
WHAT IS THE CORNEA?
EXTERNAL, TRANSPARENT LAYER OF THE EYE
58
WHAT IS THE CILIARY MUSCLE?
FOCUES LIGHT ON THE RETINA
59
WHAT IS THE PUPIL?
OPENING IN THE MIDDLE OF THE EYE
60
WHAT IS THE FORVEA CENTRALIS?
EXTREME VISUAL ACUITY
61
WHAT IS THE RETINA?
CONTAINS ROD AND CONE CELLS TO DETECT LIGHT
62
WHAT IS THE OPTIC DISK?
BLINDSPOT FORMED BY NO PHOTORECEPTORS AND RETINA AXCON
63
WHAT ARE CONE CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTION?
HIGH INTENSITY OF LIGHT, COLOR VISION, HIGHER ABS. THRESHOLD, MORE CONCENTRATED IN FORVEA
64
WHAT ARE ROD CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTION?
LOWER LIGHT INTENSITY, DIM LIGHT, WHITE AND BLACK VISION
65
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE EYES WHEN THE LIGHT IS OFF?
CELLS RELEASE GLUTAMATE NEUROTRANSMITTER (Na+ GATES OPEN)
66
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE EYES WHEN THE LIGHT IS ON?
GLUTAMATE NEUROTRANSMITTER STOP RELEASE (Na+ GATES CLOSE)
67
WHAT IS EMMETROPIA?
NORMAL VISION
68
WHAT IS MYOPIA?
NEARSIGHTEDNESS; LIGHT FOCUSED IN FRONT OF THE RETINA; CAN BE FIXED WITH CONCAVE LENSES
69
WHAT IS HYPEROPIA?
FARSIGHTEDNESS; LIGHT FOCUSED BEHIND THE RETINA; CAN BE FIXED WITH CONVEX LENSES
70
STEPS OF HEARING, START TO FINISH?
PINNA DIRECTS SOUND INTO THE CANAL -> TYMPANIC MEM -> MALLEUS -> INVUS -> STAPES -> SEMICIRCULAR CANALS -> COCHLEA ->
71
WHAT IS PITCH?
FREQUENCY OF SOUND
72
WHAT DOES A HIGH FREQUENCY INDICATE?
NEAR THE OVAL WINDOW
73
WHAT DOES A LOW FREQUENCY INDICATE?
AWAY FROM THE OVAL WINDOW
74
WHAT DOES A LOUD SOUND INDICATE?
HIGHER AMPLITUDE
75
WHAT DOES A QUIET SOUND INDICATE?
SHORTER AMPLITUDE
76
WHAT IS AUTOCRINE ACTIVITY?
SOME SIGNALING MOLECULES MODIFY ACTIVITY OF THE CELL THAT SECRETED THEM
77
WHAT KINDS OF HORMONES ARE HYDROPHOBIC?
PEPTIDES AND AA DERIVATIVES
78
WHAT KINDS OF HORMONES ARE HYDROPHILIC?
STEROID
79
WHERE ARE PEPTIDE HORMONES TRANSCRIBED AND TRANSLATED?
NUCLEUS AND THEN RER, STORED IN VESICLES AND THEN EXOCYTOSED WHEN NEEDED
80
HOW DO PEPTIDE HORMONES ENTER THE BLOOD STREAM?
USES cAMP 2nd MESSENGER
81
WHAT IS THE KEY FEATURE OF THE PEPTIDE HORMONE?
SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION
82
HOW DO STEROID HORMONES ENTER THE BLOOD STREAM?
CAN FREELY DIFFUSE THRU CELL MEMBRANE TO ITS RECEPTOR IN THE CYTOPLASM -> BIND TO ITS LIGAND -> STEROID-HORMONE COMPLEX TRANSPORTED TO THE NUCLEUS -> SPECIFIC TO SEQUENCE REGULATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION
83
WHERE ARE PEPTIDE HORMONES TRANSCRIBED AND TRANSLATED?
NUCLEUS AND THEN SER
84
HOW DOES CALCITONIN PERFORM - FEEDBACK IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
CALCITONIN PREVENTS Ca2+ FROM PEAKING ABOVE NORMAL LEVELS
85
WHAT ARE TROPIC HORMONES?
HORMONES REGULATING OTHER HORMONES
86
EXAMPLE AND MECHANISM OF A TROPIC HORMONE?
ACTH SECRETED BY THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
87
HOW DOES THE HYPOTHALAMUS SECRETE CRH?
THE HYPO SECRETES CRH -> WHICH INCREASES THE SECRETION OF ACTH-> CORTISOL INHIBITS CRH

MCAT BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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