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Animal Biology 2 > Nervous and Sensory System > Flashcards

Nervous and Sensory System Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system? (5)

A
  • body movement
  • gland secretions
  • information on external and internal changes in/outside the body
  • state of consciousness
  • stimulate thirst/hunger/rage/etc
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2
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

large collection of nerves

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3
Q

What is a nerve?

A

a bundle of nerve cells (fibers or axons) that transmit signals

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4
Q

What does the nerve cell consist of? (5)

A
  • Cell body
  • dendrite (receiver)
  • axon (outgoing)
  • myelin sheath (insulation->speed, signal would take a long time without helper because nerves can be very long)
  • synapse (contact point with other cell)
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5
Q

How does the transmission of signals work within the nerve cell?

A
  • action potentials (wave of electric pulses) travel along axons
  • possible because each neutron has a charged cellular membrane, and the charge of this membrane can change in response to neurotransmitter molecules released from other neurons and environmental stimuli
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6
Q

How does the transmission of signals work between two nerve cells?

A

Neurotransmitters (Acetylcholine, Adrenaline, Dopamine, Serotonin)

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7
Q

What is the correlation between Neurotransmitters and hormones?

A

Some neurotransmitters are also hormones, hormones go to the blood stream and work in the whole body, neurotransmitters only work in a specific area

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8
Q

Action potentials

A

a brief depolarization along the neuron’s axon

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9
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ goes in neuron

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10
Q

Repolarization or hyperpolarization

A

K+ goes out

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11
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A
  • Central nervous system “CNS” (brain, spinal cord)
  • Peripheral nervous system “PNS” (sensory nerves, motor nerves)
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12
Q

Brain stem

A
  • basic motor functions
  • breathing and cardiovascular system
  • balance
  • walking
  • sleeping
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13
Q

Cerebellum (small brain)

A

fine coordinated movements

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14
Q

Midbrain

A

connects input from the senses to movement

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15
Q

Cortex

A
  • memory
  • advanced cognitive functions
  • perception
  • personality
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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

links nervous to endocrine system

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17
Q

Spinal cord
what is coordinated here? what does it consist of?

A
  • link between brain and body
  • reflexes are coordinated here
  • in white matter: exons
  • in grey matter: cell bodies
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18
Q

Reflexes

A

happen without the brain doing anything, signals travel to the spinal cord and directly to the muscle, afferent and efferent neutrons

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19
Q

Afferent neutron

A

Goes into the central nervous system when a reflex happens

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20
Q

Efferent neutron

A

Goes out of the central nervous system when a reflex happens

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21
Q

What is the central nervous system protected by? (4)

A

Skull/vertebrae, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain carrier

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22
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Are afferent, get signals from external and internal senses and proprioceptors

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23
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Signals about limb position and motion in muscles, tendons, and joints, sensory nerves

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24
Q

Motor nerves

A

are efferent, can be divided into somatic and autonomic

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25
Somatic motor nerves
voluntary, skeletal muscles
26
Autonomic motor nerves
involuntary, organs, smooth muscle, can be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
27
Sympathetic autonomic motor nerves
mobilization (related to activity), adrenaline is important neurotransmitter here
28
Parasympathetic autonomic moter nerves what is the important neurotransmitter?
- relaxation - rest and digest - Acetylcholine is important neurotransmitter here
29
The five external sense
vision, smell, taste, hearing, touching
30
Cornea (eye)
focusing light
31
Sclera (eye)
white of eye, protection, can be checked for health
32
Aqueous humour (eye)
watery fluid, in anterior and posterior chamber, nutrition
33
Pupil, iris
regulation of light comes in
34
Lens
further focusing of light
35
Vitrous humor
gel in pink behind lens
36
Retina (eye)
light sensitive cells, Rods and Cones
37
Retina Rods
low-light contrast
38
Retina Cones
color (depends on number of cones how much color we can see)
39
Optic nerve (eye)
send signals to the brain
40
Third eyelid
protection and cleaning
41
Field of vision of a cow
almost 360° vision, monocular and binocular
42
Monocular vision
area that can only be seen with one eye
43
Binocular vision
Only in the front where animal can see with both eyes
44
Ear ossicles
Hammer, anvil, stirrup, transmission of sound waves to cochlea
45
Cochlea
fluid filled tube with tiny hairs, movement of hairs = sound
46
Vestibular organ
senses rotation and acceleration, balance
47
Hearing frequency of a horse
60-33.500 Hz
48
Hearing frequency of a cow
16-40.000 Hz
49
Odors
chemicals, bind to receptors in nasal epithelium
50
Flehmen
- detection of pheromones (substances for inter-species communication) - vomeronasal or Jacobson's organ - facilitates the transfer of scents and pheromones into the vomeronasal organ above the roof of the mouth via a duct - performed when the animal investigates a source of scent of particular interest
51
sense of taste what happens?
flavors bind to taste receptors in the oral cavity and on the tounge
52
the five tastes
sweet, savoury, salty, sour, bitter
53
skin receptors (5)
touch, pain, temperature, electricity, superficial proprioceptors
54
resting potential
the membrane potential in a neuron that is not currently transmitting a signal
55
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that communicate between adjacent (benachbart) neurons, release of neurotransmitters from one neuron will either help or depolarize or hyperpolarize the neuron
56
voluntary actions
- under control of one's will - under control of the brain - motor nerves and effector organs are involved
57
reflexes
- Spontaneous, involuntary, nerve-mediated activity - Unconscious level - Spinal cord is involved - Involves sensory and motor nerves and sensory and effector organs
58
field of vision human
120°
59
mechanoreceptors
hair cells in the inner ear that detect sound and head movement
60
Where does the sound go from outside to inside? (5)
ear pinna -> ear canal -> ear drum -> ear ossicles -> cochlea
61
olfactory sensory neurons
- located in nasal epithelium - detect and transmit information to the central nervous system
62
olfactory nerve
- enables sense of smell - contains sensory neurons
63
olfactory bulb
- rounded mass of tissue that contains several types of nerve cells that are involved in the sense of smell - there are two olfactory bulbs on the bottom side of the brain, one above each nasal cavity
64
chemoreception
- the ability to perceive specific chemical stimuli - relies on chemicals that act as signals to regulate cell function, without the chemical necessarily being taken into the cell for metabolic purposes
65
olfactory system
chemicals in the air dissolve in mucus -> odor receptor neurons detect odors and send signals to the olfactory bulbs -> signals are send along olfactory tracts to olfactory cortex of the brain
66
tongue
- mostly made of muscles - covered by mucosa - covered with different types of papillae and taste buds
67
papillae
- tiny, raised protrusions on the tongue that contain taste buds - allow us to differentiate between tastes
68
four types of papillae
filliform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate

Animal Biology 2 (4 decks)

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