nervous (CNS)

Question 1

Includes the brain and spinal cord

Answer 1

Central Nervous System

Question 2

➢ So, called because of its appearance and preponderance of nerve cell bodies and true dendrites.
➢ Outer part in brain; inner part in spinal cord

Answer 2

Gray matter

Question 2

Central nervous system is divided grossly into:

Answer 2

❖ Gray matter
❖ White matter

Question 3

➢ Composed chiefly of myelinated nerve fibers
➢ Inner part in brain; outer part in spinal cord

Answer 3

White matter

Question 4

Group or aggregates of nerve cell bodies outside the Central Nervous System

Answer 4

Ganglion/Ganglia Cells

Question 5

• The _________ is a vital part of the central nervous system (CNS) contained within the skull.
• Complexity: It is the most complex and largest mass of nervous tissue in the body, comprising billions of nerve cells (neurons).

Answer 5

Brain

Question 6

• Weight: The average weight of the adult human brain is approximately: ?
  o Male: ?
  o Female: ?

Answer 6

2% OF OUR BODY WEIGHT
1380 grams
1250 grams

Question 7

Embryological Divisions of the Brain

Answer 7

1. Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
2. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
3. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Question 8

o Telencephalon (Cerebrum)
o Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Subthalamus)

Answer 8

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

Question 9

o Corpora Quadrigemina (Tectum)
- Superior Colliculi: Involved in visual reflexes
- Inferior Colliculi: Involved in auditory reflexes
o Cerebral Peduncles
o Vertebral Aqueduct of Sylvius (Iter)

Answer 9

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

Question 10

o Metencephalon (Cerebellum, Pons)
o Myelencephalon (Medulla Oblongata)

Answer 10

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Question 11

➢ Function: Involved in various higher functions including:
o Discriminatory identification
o Integration of sensory information
o Memory
o Reasoning
o Language usage
o Emotional behavior
o Initiation of movement

Answer 11

Cerebrum (Telencephalon)

Question 12

_________ and _________ of the Cerebrum

Answer 12

• Fissures
• Sulci

Question 13

Shallower grooves (sulcus is singular, sulci is plural).

Answer 13

Sulci

Question 14

Deep depressions in the cerebral cortex.

Answer 14

Fissures

Question 15

Types of Fissures

Answer 15

• Longitudinal Fissure:
• Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure:
• Central Sulcus (Rolandic Fissure):
• Transverse Fissure:
• Parieto-occipital Fissure:
• Calcarine Fissure:
• Superior Temporal Sulcus:

Question 16

➢ Separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 16

Longitudinal Fissure

Question 17

➢ Divides the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.
➢ End: Supramarginal Gyrus.
➢ Anterior Median Fissure: A deep groove along the spinal cord.
➢ Dorsal Median Fissure: A shallower groove; the middle cerebral artery emerges here.

Answer 17

Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure:

Question 18

➢ Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

Answer 18

Central Sulcus (Rolandic Fissure):

Question 18

➢ Separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe.

Answer 18

Parieto-occipital Fissure:

Question 19

➢ Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum.
- Cerebellum: “Little brain”
- Cerebrum: “Big brain”

Answer 19

Transverse Fissure:

Question 20

➢ Located in the occipital lobe; contains the visual center (calcarine area).
- Visual Areas: Includes the Cuneus and Lingual gyrus.

Answer 20

Calcarine Fissure:

Question 21

➢ Located in the temporal lobe; leads to the Angular Gyrus.

Answer 21

Superior Temporal Sulcus:

Question 22

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex:

Answer 22

• Frontal Lobe:
• Parietal Lobe:
• Temporal Lobe:
• Occipital Lobe:
• Insula (Island of Reil):

Question 23

➢ Located anterior to the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus. ➢ Functions in motor control and personality.

Answer 23

Frontal Lobe:

Question 24

➢ Located posterior to the central sulcus and above the lateral fissure. ➢ Functions in sensory processing.

Answer 24

Parietal Lobe:

Question 25

➢ Located beneath the lateral sulcus. ➢ Involved in hearing and olfaction.

Answer 25

Temporal Lobe:

Question 26

➢ Occupies the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. ➢ Functions as the visual center.

Answer 26

Occipital Lobe:

Question 27

➢ Exposed when the lateral sulcus is separated. ➢ Located deep within the lateral sulcus.

Answer 27

Insula (Island of Reil):

Question 28

Functional Areas of the Cerebrum

Answer 28

* Primary Motor Area (Pre-Central Gyrus): * Pre-Motor Area: * Pre-Frontal Area: * Primary Sensory/Somesthetic Area (Post-Central Gyrus): * Motor Speech Area:

Question 29

➢ Controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body. ➢ Brodmann’s Area: 4

Answer 29

Primary Motor Area (Pre-Central Gyrus):

Question 30

➢ Located anterior to the motor area. ➢ Coordinates an orderly series of movements.

Answer 30

Pre-Motor Area:

Question 31

➢ Responsible for behavior, character, emotional state, foresight, good judgment, and abstract thinking.

Answer 31

Pre-Frontal Area:

Question 32

➢ Located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere. ➢ Controls muscles used for speech. ➢ Brodmann’s Areas: 44 (Pars Opercularis), 45 (Pars Triangularis), Broca’s Area (Brodmann’s Areas 44 & 45).

Answer 32

Motor Speech Area:

Question 33

➢ Located in the parietal lobe behind the central sulcus. ➢ Processes sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, touch, position, and movement from the opposite side of the body. ➢ Brodmann’s Areas: 3, 1, 2

Answer 33

Primary Sensory/Somesthetic Area (Post-Central Gyrus):

Question 34

Diencephalon components:

Answer 34

* Thalamus: * Hypothalamus: * Corpus Callosum: * Cingulate Gyrus and Sulcus:

Question 35

➢ Acts as a relay center for sensory impulses (excluding olfactory) from peripheral receptors to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 35

Thalamus

Question 36

➢ Regulates body temperature, feeding activities, biorhythms, and emotions.

Answer 36

Hypothalamus

Question 37

➢ Cingulate Gyrus: Located above the corpus callosum. ➢ Cingulate Sulcus: A depression above the cingulate gyrus.

Answer 37

Cingulate Gyrus and Sulcus:

Question 38

➢ Comprises the largest commissural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 38

Corpus Callosum:

Question 39

* Structure: Oval-shaped with a central constriction (vermis) and expanded lateral portions (hemispheres).

Answer 39

Cerebellum

Question 40

Lobes of cerebellum:

Answer 40

o Anterior Lobe: o Posterior Lobe: o Flocculonodular Lobe:

Question 41

Regulates muscle tone.

Answer 41

Anterior Lobe

Question 42

Coordinates voluntary motor activity.

Answer 42

Posterior Lobe

Question 43

Concerned with equilibrium, posture, and balance.

Answer 43

Flocculonodular Lobe

Question 44

Links the forebrain and hindbrain; important for motor coordination.

Answer 44

Midbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Question 45

Midbrain (Rhombencephalon) Components:

Answer 45

Cerebral Peduncles: Corpora Quadrigemina:

Question 46

Cylindrical bodies made of nerve fiber tracts connecting the forebrain to the hindbrain.

Answer 46

Cerebral Peduncles

Question 47

Hindbrain (Prosencephalon) components:

Answer 47

- Pons - Medulla Oblongata - Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Question 47

Contains: - Superior Colliculi: Involved in visual reflexes. - Inferior Colliculi: Involved in auditory reflexes.

Answer 47

Corpora Quadrigemina

Question 48

* Anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and medulla. * A bridge-like structure primarily made of white matter, linking various parts of the brain.

Answer 48

Pons

Question 49

* Continuous with the spinal cord, lies ventral to the cerebellum. * Contains vital regulatory and reflex centers controlling the circulatory system, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.

Answer 49

Medulla Oblongata

Question 50

* Circulates within the brain's ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space. * Production: By the choroid plexus in all brain ventricles. * Provides nutrition and immune functions; it is colorless and similar in composition to lymph.

Answer 50

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Question 51

- Absorption: Through Arachnoid villi or Arachnoid granulations.

Answer 51

Ventricles of the Brain:

Question 52

Ventricles of the Brain:

Answer 52

o Lateral Ventricle: o Third Ventricle: o Fourth Ventricle:

Question 52

➢ Located within the cerebral hemispheres; communicates with the third ventricle via the Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monroe).

Answer 52

Lateral Ventricle

Question 53

➢ Positioned between the two thalamic nuclei; continuous with the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius.

Answer 53

Third Ventricle:

Question 53

➢ Communicates with the subarachnoid space through the Foramen of Luschka and Magendie; connected to the third ventricle via the Iter (cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius).

Answer 53

Fourth Ventricle:

Question 54

* Three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. ➢ Dura Mater: ➢ Arachnoid Mater: ➢ Pia Mater:

Answer 54

Meninges

Question 55

Outermost layer (subdural space beneath it).

Answer 55

Dura Mater

Question 56

Middle layer (subarachnoid space beneath it).

Answer 56

Arachnoid Mater

Question 57

Innermost layer, closely adherent to the brain.

Answer 57

Pia Mater

Question 58

➢ Continuous with the medulla oblongata; extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra in adults (L3 in children). ➢ Average Length: Approximately 45 cm.

Answer 58

Spinal Cord

Question 59

Enlargements of spinal cord:

Answer 59

* Cervical Enlargement: * Lumbar Enlargement:

Question 60

Supplies nerves to the arms (C4 to T2).

Answer 60

Cervical Enlargement:

Question 61

Supplies nerves to the legs (widest at T12).

Answer 61

Lumbar Enlargement:

Question 62

The tapering.

Answer 62

Conus Medullaris

Question 63

NEVER BACK DOWN NEVER WHAT!!!!!!!!!????????????????????

Answer 63

NEVER GIVE UP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!