Nervous Sys. Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
what are the 3 major functions of the nervous system
A
- sensory
- integrative
- motor
2
Q
what kind of neurons are sensory neurons ?
A
afferent
3
Q
what kind of neurons are motor neurons ?
A
efferent
4
Q
What is the meaning of the term afferent?
A
carry the signals detected by the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
5
Q
What is the meaning of the term efferent?
A
carrying information away from the brain
6
Q
what is the integrative function of the nervous system ?
A
analyzing + storing sensory information –> then making appropriate responses
7
Q
what are the components of the CNS?
A
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
8
Q
what are the components of the PNS ?
A
all the other nervous system outside the CNS = EVERYTHING else
9
Q
what are the 2 subdivisions of the nervous system?
A
- Central nervous sys
- Peripheral nervous sys
10
Q
what are the components of the PNS?
A
- Cranial nerves and their branches
- Spinal nerves and their branches
- Ganglia
- Sensory receptors
11
Q
what are ganglia ?
A
12
Q
what are Neurons
A
electrically excitable nerve cells
13
Q
what are neuroglial cells
A
supportive + protective cells in nervous tissue
14
Q
what is a nerve
A
bundles of neurons
15
Q
what are the structural components of a neuron
A
- dendrites
- myelin sheath
- axon
- axon terminal
- cell body
16
Q
what are the 3 functional classification of neurons?
A
- sensory
- motor
- interneurons
17
Q
what function do interneurons serve in the nervous sys ?
A
integrative
18
Q
what are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS?
A
- Somatic (SNS)
- Autonomic (ANS)
19
Q
what 3rd subdivision is apart of the PNS but considered to fall under the ANS division?
A
enteric nervous sys (ENS)
20
Q
what is the function of the ENS?
A
involved in regulating the digestive system
20
Q
what PNS subdivision is under involuntary control?
A
autonomic
21
Q
what PNS subdivision is under voluntary control?
A
somatic
22
Q
what are the 2 subdivisions of the ANS?
A
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
23
Q
what subdivisions functions are associated with “fight or flight”
A
sympathetic
24
what subdivisions functions are associated with "rest and digest"
parasympathetic
25
what are the 2 cell types of nervous tissue?
1. neurons
2. neuroglia
25
what sys is often called "the brain of the gut"
enteric nervous sys
26
what are 3 structural classifications of neurons
1. bipolar
2. multipolar
3. unipolar
27
what are the characteristics of a multipolar neuron?
- Several dendrites
- 1 axon
28
Most neurons in
the CNS are what...?
multipolar neurons
29
what are the characteristics of a bipolar neuron?
- 1 main dendrite
- 1 axon
30
the majority of special senses neurons are what...?
bipolar neurons
31
what are unipolar neurons
are sensory neurons that during development have a fused axon and dendrite
32
can neuroglia cells generate AP?
NO
33
what are the 4 types of neuroglia cells in the CNS ?
1. astrocytes
2. oligodendrocytes
3. microglia
4. ependymal cells
34
what are the 2 types of neuroglia cells in the PNS ?
1. Schwann cells
2. satellite cells
34
astrocyte function =
creates "blood brain" barrier to protect neurons
35
oligodendrocytes function =
form myelin sheath around CNS axons
36
microglia function =
function as phagocytes
37
ependymal cells function =
produce + maintain circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
38
Schwann cells function =
myelinated a single PNS axon
39
satellite cells functions =
facilitates the exchange of substances between neurons + extracellular environment
40
what is the Myelin sheath ?
is when axons are covered by a lipid and protein layer generated from oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells
41
define Unmyelinated
means axons that do NOT have a myelin sheath
42
define Demyelinated
means axons that have LOST/destroyed their myelin sheath
43
what is the Node of Ranvier
the gaps formed between the myelin sheaths where the axons are left uncovered
44
what does it mean if an axon IS covered by a myelin sheath
that the neuron is myelinated
45
what are the 2 purposes of myelination ?
1) To electrically insulate the axons of neurons
2) To increase speed of nerve impulse conduction
46
Node of Ranvier function =
how electrical signals in myelinated neurons jump from one node to the next
47
what cells produce myelin sheaths in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
48
what cells produce myelin sheaths in the PNS
Schwann cells
49
what disease can the destruction of myelin sheaths occur in?
multiple sclerosis
50
what is an autoimmune disease?
when your immune system is overactive = caused it to attack and damage your body's own tissues
51
Where is gray matter located in the CNS
in the brain in the outermost layer
52
Where is gray matter located in the spinal cord?
concentrated in the middle of the spinal cord
53
What is the composition of gray matter?
mostly neuronal cell
bodies and unmyelinated axon
54
What is the composition of white matter?
mostly myelinated axons
55
What is a neural network?
Groups of neurons organized into circuits
56
what is neural plasticity ?
Organizations of neuronal
networks continually breaking and reforming
57
what is the conduction of an AP?
when nerve impulses travel from one area of the body to another down an axon
58
what neurons does continuous conduction occur in?
unmyelinated neurons
59
what neurons does saltatory conduction occur in?
myelinated neurons
60
which conduction is faster + why?
- saltatory conduction
- why = neurons signal jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next
61
Pre-synaptic neuron function =
neuron sending the message
62
Post-synaptic neuron function =
neuron receiving the signal
63
what are the 3 components of the brain stem ?
1. medulla oblongata
2. pons
3. midbrain
64
what are the 3 components of the diencephalon?
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. epithalamus
65
what is the largest part of the human brain?
cerebrum
66
what are the 4 main regions of the brain?
1. cerebrum
2. diencephalon
3. brain stem
4. cerebellum
67
what are nuclei in regards to the brain?
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies with similar
functions
68
what are tracts in regards to the brain?
Pathways of axons heading in the same direction
69
what is the role of cranial meninges + the skull + CSF + blood-brain barrier ?
to protect the contents of the brain and spinal cord
70
what are the 3 cranial + spinal meninges?
1. dura mater (outer)
2. arachnoid mater (middle)
3. pia mater (inner)
71
what are ventricles in the brain?
CSF filled cavities in the brain
72
what are the 4 ventricles within the brain?
- 2 lateral ventricles
- third ventricle
- fourth ventricle
73
what is cerebrospinal fluid ?
clear liquid that continuously circles through cavities of the brain + spinal cord
74
What vital functions are controlled by the medulla oblongata?
heart + respiratory rhythm
75
Why may injury to the medulla oblongata be fatal?
if functions maintaining heart and respiratory
rhythm are compromised
76
How is the cerebellum separated from the cerebrum?
by a deep groove = the
transverse fissure
77
What are folia in the cerebellum ?
a superficial layer arranged in thin parallel ridges
78
How is the cerebellum attached to the rest of the brain?
by the cerebellar peduncles
79
functions of the cerebellum =
- evaluating effectiveness of movement
- sending feedback to cerebral cortex to correct motor errors
- regulation of posture and balance
80
What is ataxia?
is when damage to the cerebellum disrupts/inhibits muscle co-ordination
81
functions of the hypothalamus =
- regulation of the pituitary function
- regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
- regulation of eating and drinking
- control of body temperature
- regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
82
what is the cerebral cortex?
Outer rim of gray matter of the cerebrum
83
define fissure
folds
83
what is the cerebral hemisphere?
the R and L halves of the cerebrum
84
define gyri
elevated ridges
84
define sulci
crevices
85
what component of the diencephalon is the pineal gland a part of ?
Epithalamus
86
what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum
1. Frontal lobes
2. Parietal lobes
3. Occipital lobes
4. Temporal lobes
87
what are the 12 cranial nerves?
1. olfactory
2. optic
3. oculomotor
4. trochlear
5. trigeminal
6. abducens
7. facial
8. vestibulocochlear
9. glossopharyngeal
10. vagus
11. accessory
12. hypoglossal
88
what cranial nerve is this I ?
olfactory
89
what cranial nerve is this II ?
optic
90
what cranial nerve is this III ?
oculomotor
91
what cranial nerve is this IV ?
trochlear
92
what cranial nerve is this V ?
trigeminal
93
what cranial nerve is this VI ?
abducens
94
what cranial nerve is this VII ?
facial
95
what cranial nerve is this VIII ?
vestibulocochlear
96
what cranial nerve is this IX ?
glossopharyngeal
97
what cranial nerve is this X ?
vagus
98
what cranial nerve is this XI ?
accessory
99
what cranial nerve is this XII ?
hypoglossal
100
what is the major function of cranial nerve I ?
smell
101
what is the major function of cranial nerve II ?
sight
102
what is the major function of cranial nerve V ?
touch + pain + thermal sensation
103
what is the major function of cranial nerve VIII ?
hearing/balance
104
what is the major function of cranial nerve X ?
- taste
- touch
- pain
- temperature
- slows heart rate
105
what is the location of cranial nerve II ?
optic foramen
106
what is the location of cranial nerve I ?
olfactory foramina of cribriform plate
107
what is the location of cranial nerve V (3 branches) ?
1. superior orbital fissure
2. foramen rotundum (maxillary)
3. foramen ovale (mandibular)
108
what is the location of cranial nerve VIII ?
internal acoustic canal (meatus)
109
what are the 3 protective structures of the Spinal Cord ?
1. vertebrae/spinal column 2. Meninges
3. CSF
110
what is the location of cranial nerve X ?
jugular foramen
111
how many pairs of cervical nerves are there ?
8 pairs
112
how many total pairs of spinal nerves are there ?
31 pairs
113
how many pairs of thoracic nerves are there ?
12 pairs
114
how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there ?
5 pairs
115
how many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there ?
1 pair
115
how many pairs of sacral nerves are there ?
5 pairs
116
what are the cervical plexus?
C1-C5
117
what are the brachial plexus
C5-T1
118
what are the lumbar plexus?
L1-L4
119
what are the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
120
What spinal nerves do not form a plexus?
thoracic nerves = T2-T12
121
what muscle does the phrenic nerve innervate?
diaphragm
122
what muscle does the axillary nerve innervate?
deltoid + teres minor
123
what muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
anterior muscles of the arm
124
what muscle does the ulnar nerve innervate?
flexor carpi ulnaris
125
what muscle does the median nerve innervate?
muscles of ANTERIOR forearm
126
what muscle does the radial nerve innervate?
muscles of POSTERIOR arm + forearm
127
what muscle does the femoral nerve innervate?
- iliacus
- quadriceps femoris
- sartorius
- pectineus
*ANTERIOR leg*
128
what muscle does the obturator nerve innervate?
- adductor longus + brevis + magnus
- gracilis
*LATERAL side of leg*
129
what muscle does the sciatic nerve innervate?
muscles of the POSTERIOR leg
130
what plexus is the phrenic nerve from?
cervical
131
what plexus is the axillary nerve from?
brachial
132
what plexus is the musculocutabeous nerve from?
brachial
133
what plexus is the ulnar nerve from?
brachial
134
what plexus is the median nerve from?
brachial
135
what plexus is the radial nerve from?
brachial
136
what plexus is the femoral nerve from?
lumbar
137
what plexus is the obturator nerve from?
lumbar
138
what plexus is the sciatic nerve from?
sacral
139
what are the 5 external components of the spinal cord?
1. Cervical enlargement
2. Conus medullaris
3. Cauda equina
4. Lumbar enlargement
5. Filum Terminal
140
what is shingles ?
an acute infection of the PNS by herpes zoster
141
can the spinal
cord integrates some of its own information?
YES
142
what is the response from spinal integration called?
spinal reflex
143
the pathway followed in the spinal reflex is called ?
reflex arc
144
what are the 5 components/pathway of the reflex arc?
1. sensory receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integrating center
4. motor neuron
5. effector
145
monosynaptic reflex arcs have how many synapses + interneurons ?
- 1 synapse = between sensory and motor neuron
- NO interneuron
146
polysynaptic reflex arcs have how many synapses + interneurons?
- 2 or more synapses
- 3 or more interneurons
147
what is the CT that surrounds the whole nerve?
epineurium
148
what is the CT that surrounds a fascicle?
perineurium
149
what is the CT that surrounds as individual axon?
endoneurium
