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PSY113 biological psychology > nervous system 1 and 2 > Flashcards

nervous system 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what connects the hemispheres of the brain

A

corpus callosum

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3
Q

what are the three parts of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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4
Q

sagital section

A

viewpoint as though cutting down corpus callosum

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5
Q

coronal section

A

viewpoint as if cutting through brain from ear to ear

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6
Q

horizontal section/plane

A

viewing brain cut horizontally, from eyes to occipital lobe

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7
Q

dorsal

A

upper

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8
Q

ventral

A

lower

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9
Q

medial

A

towards middle of brain

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10
Q

lateral

A

towards outside of brain

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11
Q

anterior

A

front of brain

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12
Q

posterior

A

back of brain

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13
Q

hindbrain

A

-connects spinal cord to cortex
-controls HR, breathing, BP, digestion, coordination of movement, posture and sleep patterns

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14
Q

what substructures are within the hindbrain

A

medulla: connects brain and spinal cord, associated with nerve signals

pons: relay from forebrain to cerebellum, sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control

reticular formation: mass of nerve cells and fibres primarily in brain stem

cerebellum: known as ‘little brain’, higher cog. functions, integrates sensory info, voluntary smooth movement (balance), modification of behaviour with experience

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15
Q

midbrain

A

-known as relay station
-connects brain stem to forebrain
-coordinates sensory info for visual and auditory reflexes like tracking

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16
Q

midbrain substructures

A

tectum and tegmentum

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17
Q

forebrain

A

-higher level cog. processing
-controls cog. sensory and motor function: sleeping, maintaining temp., movements and emotions etc

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18
Q

structures within forebrain

A

-cerebral cortex
-diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
-limbic system ( amygdala and hippocampus etc)

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19
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal: planning, decisions, personality
parietal: touch, temp., pain
temporal: auditory, speech, language
occipital: vision

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20
Q

what is a gyrus

A

protruding ridges or folds on the cerebral cortex

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21
Q

what is a sulcus + fissure

A

a groove in the brain (inside one of the wrinkles on surface of cerebral cortex)
fissure = deep groove in surface of brain e.g separating the two hemispheres

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22
Q

what is the role of the thalamus in the diencephalon

A

processing, relay centre, all sensory modalities (apart from smell), arousal, awareness, motor function, memory

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23
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus in the diencephalon

Study These Flashcards
A

controls ANS, hormone release, homeostasis (eating, drinking, temp., fight/flight)

24
Q

what is included in the limbic system and what are its roles

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A

-amygdala, cingulate gyrus/cortex, parahippocampul gyrus, olfactory tract

-memory, learning, motivation
-influences endocrine and ANS
-links subcortical structure and the cerebral cortex

25
role of the basal ganglia
motor control, learning, executive function -irregular output can cause huntingtons, parkinsons
26
role of spinal cord
allows voluntary and involuntary motions of muscles and perception of senses reflex pathway processes in spinal cord not brain
27
what are the two branches of the PNS
somatic and autonomic
28
somatic NS
muscle control of body, voluntary and involuntary (reflexes), how we interact with external world
29
autonomic NS
bodily functions not consciously directed e.g breathin, HR, digestion branches in sympathetic (prepares for fight/flight) and parasympathetic (turns off fight or flight)
30
anatomy of neurons
soma -dna stored in nucleus -metabolic centre of cell (proteins generated) -info processed here dendrite -receives info from other neurons -branch like fibres axon -transmitter of action potentials to other neurons -terminal buttons release neurotransmitters
31
sensory neurons
bring info to CNS from body have long dendrites and long axons
32
interneurons
associate sensory and motor neurons activity in CNS short axon
33
motor neuron
from CNS to muscles (effectors) long axon has myelin sheath
34
what are glial cells
support cells in the NS maintain homeostasis produce myelin protect neurons
35
myelination
axons myelinated by Schwann cells (type of glial cells) gaps are nodes of ranvier allowing saltatory conduction lipid rich speeds up rate of conduction
36
what happens if myelination is damaged
multiple sclerosis = breakdown of myelin sheath changes in sensation, muscle weakness, difficulties with coordination, fatigue
37
grey matter
densely packed cell bodies for processing grey inner section of spinal cord and outer section of the brain
38
white matter
axons and myelination showing communication occurs here
39
what is the direction of neural transmission
dendrite - soma - axon - terminal buttons
40
what is the synapse
tiny gap between pre and post synaptic cell where neurotransmitters are released
41
what is the resting potential and how is it maintained
-70mV -maintained by sodium potassium voltage gated channels -pumps 3Na+ out for every 2K+ in so inside neuron is more negative than outside the cell
42
what are the three types of channels
voltage gated channels: e.g K+, Na+, when cell reaches certin charge the channel opens allowing ions into cell ligand gate: a molecule on outside of cell (e.g neurotransmitter) binds to the channel causing the gate to open tension gate: gates that are pulled apart by physical movement e.g pulling at the skin
43
what is an action potential
quick change of charge in a neuron
44
what is the process of an action potential
1. cell loses its negative charge so becomes more positive, reaching threshold (depolarisation), triggering action potential 2. cell becomes negatively charged again (repolarisation) 3. temporarily becomes more negative than resting potential (hyperpolarisation)
45
after an action potential on the pre synaptic cell, what happens to the ligand gates of the post synaptic cell
neurotransmitter binds to gates on dendrites of post synaptic neuron, positive ions enter cell changing potential from negative to less negative
46
what is the threshold for an action potential
-55mV
47
where are the neurotransmitters stored
in vesicles in pre synaptic neuron
48
excitatory response
neurotransmitters open up ligand gate causing positive ions to enter post synaptic neuron, leading to an action potential
49
inhibitory response
neurotransmitters do not open the ligand gates of post synaptic cell so there is no action potential
50
acetylcholine
muscle contraction, memory
51
dopamine
smooth controlled movements, attention, memory, pleasure
52
serotonin
sleep regulation, dreaming, mood, arousal, depression, anxiety
53
noradrenaline
alertness, state of arousal
54
gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
inhibitory effect, anxiety, muscle relaxation
55
what is the endocrine system
second messaging system longer lasting slower messages coordinates NS
56
what are water soluble hormones
dissolve in water cannot dissolve through cell membrane so bind to receptors on outside of membrane
57
what are fat soluble hormones
can dissolve in fats dissolve through cholesterol in cell membrane so hormones can pass through membrane and bind to receptors inside target cell

PSY113 biological psychology (5 decks)

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