Nervous System Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
The communication system
A
Nervous System
2
Q
Receive signals from and sending commands to different arras of the body
A
Nervous System
3
Q
Major functions of Nervous System
A
- Receiving sensory input
- Integrating information
- Controlling muscle and glands
- Maintaining homeotstasis
- Establishing and maintaining mental activity
4
Q
Can sitmulate or inhibit the activities of other systems to help main a constant internal environment
A
Nervous system
5
Q
Two major division of nervous system
A
CNS
PNS
6
Q
Contains the brain and spinal cord
A
CNS
7
Q
Consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS (nerves and ganglia)
A
PNS
8
Q
Also called as the “Afferent Division”
A
Sensory Division
9
Q
Conducts action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS
A
Sensory Division/ Afferent Division
10
Q
Neurons that transmits action potentials from the periphery to CNS
A
Sensory neurons
11
Q
Also called as “Efferent division”
A
Motor division
12
Q
Afferent means
A
Towards
13
Q
Efferent means
A
Away
14
Q
Neurons that transmits action potential from the periphery to the cns
A
Sensory neurons
15
Q
Neurons that transmit action potential from the cns to periphery
A
Motor Neurons
16
Q
Effectors controlled by the motor division
A
Muscle tissue and glands
17
Q
Transport action potential from the CNS to skeletal muscles
A
Somatic nervous system
18
Q
Transport action potential from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
A
Autonomic nervous system
19
Q
Unique subdivision of PNS that has both sensory and motor
A
Enteric Nervous System
20
Q
It is also called as nerve cells
A
Neurons
21
Q
Receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neuron or effector organs
A
Nuerons / nerve cells
22
Q
Three parts of neuron
A
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
23
Q
Contains one nucleus and processes stimulus
A
Cell body
24
Q
Extension of the neuron cell body; receive stimulus
A
Dendrites
25
Branching cytoplasmic extensions
Dendrites
26
Single long cell process; transmit stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other neuron
Axon
27
The area where the axon leaves the neuron cell body
Axon Hillock
28
Branches of axons
Collateral axons
29
Highly specialised insulating layer of cells
Myelin sheath
30
The types of neurons
Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Pseudo-unipolar neurons
31
Have many dendrites and one axon
Multipolar Neuron
32
Have 2 processes: 1 dendrite and 1 axon
Bipolar Neuron
33
a single process that divides into 2 processes
Pseudo-unipolar Neuron
34
Supportive cells of cns and pns
Glial Cells / Neuroglia
35
Do not conduct any action potentials; enhance neuron function
Glial Cells / Neuroglia
36
Fatty, protecting wrapping around axons that are formed by PNS and CNS
Myelin Sheaths
37
What is OLIGODENDROCYTES
CNS
38
SCHWANN CELLS
PNS
39
Fight or flight system
Sympathetic
40
Resting and digesting system
Parasympathetic
41
Major supporting cells in the CNS
Astrocytes
42
Can stimulate or inhibit the signaling activity of nearby neurons
Astrocytes
43
Astrocytes participate with the blood vessel endothelium TO FORM A PERMEABILITY BARRIER
Blood brain barrier
44
Help limit damage to neural tissue
Astrocytes
45
Produce cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
46
Act as immune cells of CNS
Microglia
47
Provides insulating material that surrounds axon
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells
48
Axons with myelin sheaths are called
Myelinated Axon
49
Gaps in the myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
50
Communication among neurons
Neural signaling
51
Action potentials are conducted SLOWLY because in travel along the entire axon
Unmyelinated Axon
52
Action potentials are conducted RAPIDLY by salutatory conduction
Myelinating Axons
53
Groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites, where there is a little myelin
Gray Matter
54
Bundles parallel of axon with their myelin sheath, which are whitish color
White Matter
55
Gray matter on the surface of the brain
Cortex
56
A cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS
Ganglion
57
Found on the CNS which propagate action potential from one area of the cns to another
Nerve Tracts / Conduction Pathways
58
Bundles of axons located in the PNS
Nerves
59
A type of neuron found in special sense organs, such as eye and nose
Bipolar Neuron
60
Single cells surrounding axons
Schwann cells
61
Uneven distribution of charge
Polarized cell membrane
62
Appears to have an axon and no dendrites
Pseudo-unipolar neuron
63
Unstimulated cell, the uneven charge distribution
Resting membrane potential
64
Greater permeability of the cell membrane to K+ than to Na+
True
65
Two basic type of ion channels
Leak channels
Gated channels
66
A channel that is always open
Leak channel
67
The resting membrane potential is established when the movement of K+ out of the cell is EQUAL to the movement of K+ into the cell
True
68
Opened by neurotransmitters or other chemicals
Chemically gated channels
69
Opened by a change in membrane potential
Voltage gated channels
70
The inward movement of Na+ makes the inside movement of Na+ makes the inside of the membrane POSITIVE
Depolarization
71
Constitution of depolarization and repolarization
Action Potential
72
Most often reached at axon hillock
Threshold
73
The charge on cell membrane briefly becomes MORE NEGATIVE than the resting membrane potential
Hyperpolarization
74
Occurs in unmyelinated axons
Continuous conduction
75
Occurs in myelinated axons
Saltatory Conduction
76
A junction where axon of one neuron interacts with another
Synapse
77
Three major components of synapse
Presynaptic Terminal
Postsynaptic Membrane
Synaptic cleft
78
End of the axon; has synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters
Presynaptic terminal
79
Membrane of the dendrite or effector cell
Postsynaptic membrane
80
Space separating the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
81
What is stored in synaptic vesicles?
Neurotransmitters
82
The chemical messengers
Neurotransmitters
83
The inside of postsynaptic cells tends to become MORE NEGATIVE
Hyperpolarized
84
Associated with the decrease in acetylcholine-secreting neurons
Alzheimer disease
85
Increase the release and block the reuptake of norepinephrine
Coccaine and amphetamines
86
It is involved in mood, anxiety, and sleep induction.
Serotonin
87
Used to treat depression and anxiety disorders
Prozac
88
Meaning of gaba
gamma-aminobutyric acid
89
Involuntary reactions in response to a stimulus
Relfexes
90
Allow a person to react to stimuli more quickly
Reflexes
91
The neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs
Reflex arc
92
Basic functional unit of nervous system
Reflex arc
93
Five basic components of reflex arc
Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Effector organ
94
Pick up the stimulus
Sensory receptor
95
Afferent: send stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord
Sensory Neurons
96
Efferent; send response to effector
Motor neuron
97
What are the effector organ?
Muscle tissue and glands
98
Two types of neuronal pathways
Converging pathway
Diverging pathway
99
Two or more neuron synapse with same neuron
Converging pathway
100
The axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one neuron
Diverging pathway
101
Allows the integration of multiple subthreshold local potentials
Summation
102
Extends from the foramen magnum to the 2nd lumbar vertebra
Spinal cord
103
Inferior end of the spinal cord that resembles a horse's tail
Cauda equina
104
At the center of spinal cord that is shwped like LETTER H OR BUTTERFLY
Gray Matter
105
Dorsal?
Posterior
106
Ventral?
Anterior
107
Fluid filled space in the center of the cord
Central canal
108
Conduct action potentials toward the brain
Ascending tracts
109
Conduct action potentials away the brain
Descending tracts
110
Simplest reflex
Stretch flex
110
Simplest reflex
Stretch flex
111
Called the patellar flex
Knee-jerk reflex
112
Stretching of the quadriceps femoris muscle
Knee-jerk reflex
113
Called the flexor reflex
Withdrawal reflex
114
Contains pain receptors as its sensory receptors, if stimulated, reflex occurs
Withdrawal reflex
115
The function is to remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus
Withdrawal reflex
116
The function is to measure the posture maintenance and coordination of muscle activity
Knee-jerk reflex
117
Spinal cords from union of dorsal and ventral roots
Spinal nerves
118
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
119
Area of skin applied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves
Dermatome
120
Neurons of spinal nerves come together and intermingle
Plexus
121
3 major plexus
Cervical Plexus
Brachial Plexus
Lumbosacral Plexus
122
Spinal nerves T2 through T11 do not join a plexus
True
123
A plexus: muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx
Coccygeal plexus
124
Innervates the diaphragm
Phrenic nerve
125
The ulnar nerve at this location is called
Funny bone
126
Major regions of the brain
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
127
Connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain
Brainstem
128
What contains the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
129
The brainstem controls the heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
True
130
What cranial nerves located in the brainstem?
The first two cranial nerves
131
Most inferior portion of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
132
Contains the ascending and descending nerve tracts
Medulla oblongata
133
How many pounds is the brain?
3 pounds
134
Soft, wrinkled mass of tissue that is highly complex and adaptive
Brain
135
What part of brainstem has important reflex actions like vomiting, sneezing, coughing, and swallowing
Medulla oblongata
136
Two prominent enlargement at uppermost part (anterior)
Pyramids
137
A large tumor; a mass of blood that occurs as the result of bleeding into the tissue
Hematoma
138
Superior to medulla oblongata
Pons
139
Relay information/ functional bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum; arched footbridge
Pons
140
Superior to the pons
Midbrain
141
The smallest region of the brainstem
Midbrain
142
The 4 mounds is called
Colliculi
143
2 mounds; involved in visual reflexes and receive touch and auditory input
Superior colliculi
144
Major relay centers for auditory nerve pathways in CNS
Inferior Colliculi
145
Major relay centers for auditory nerve pathways in cns
Inferior colliculi
146
The black nuclear mass in the midbrain that is involved in regulating body movements
Substantia Nigra
147
This midbrain contains nuclei involved in coordinating eye movements and controlling pupil diameter and lens shape
Midbrain
148
A group of nuclei scaterred throughout the brainstem
Reticular formation
149
Its function is to regulates cyclical motor function (respiration,walking,chewing)
Reticulqr formation
150
Plays an important role in arousing and maintaining consciousness; in regulating sleep-wake cycle
Reticular activating system
151
Attached to brainstem
Cerebellum
152
Several large connections attached to brainstem
Cerebullar peduncles
153
Known as the LITTLE BRAIN
Cerebellum
154
Second largest part of the brain
Cerebellum
155
Responsible for coordination of movement
Cerebellum
156
Provide info about the position of the body parts
Proprioceptive neurons
157
Largest and most prominent part of the brain
Cerebrum
158
Part of the brain between brainstem and cerebrum
Diencephalon
159
Main components of diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
160
Largest part of diencephalon
Thalamus
161
Consist of cluster of nuclei shaped like yo-yo
Thalamus
162
Centrally connect the two large, lateral parts
Interthalamic adhesion
163
This part of the brain influences the mood and registers an inlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
Thalamus
164
Small area superior and posterior to thalamus
165
Consist of small nuclei; involved in the emotional and visceral response to odors and phineal gland
Epithalamus
166
An endocrine gland that influences the onset of puberty; role in controlling long term cycles
Pineal gland
167
Most inferior part of diencephalon
Hypothalamus
168
Plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis, control of body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual oleasures, rage, fear, relaxation after meal, contril secretion in pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
169
Contains several small nuclei
Hypothalamus
170
Funnel shaped stalk that controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
Infundibilum
171
Visible swelling; involved in emotional responses to odors and in memory
Mammillary bodies
172
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
173
The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemisphere by a ____
Longitudinal fissure
174
Numerous folds on cerebral cortex; increase the surface area of the cortext
Gyri
175
Intervenning grooves
Sulci
176
What are the type of lobes
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Insula / fifth lobe
177
vital in control of voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood and olfactory
Frontal lobe
178
Consciously perceive most sensory information such as touch, pain, temperature and balance
Parietal love
179
Receivint and perceiving visual input
Occipital lobe
180
Lobe involved in olfactory and auditory sensations; plays an important role in memor6
Temporal lobe
181
Deep within lateral fissure; processes interoception
Insula/Fifth Lobe
182
Surface of cerebrum that is composed of gray mater
Cerebeal cortex
183
It separates the frontal and parietal lobes
Central sulcus
