Nervous System

Question 1

peripheral (“outside of center”) nervous system

Answer 1

includes everything but brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Peripheral Nervous System is divided between…

Answer 2

somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Question 3

somatic (“body”) nervous system

Answer 3

nerve fibers connecting muscles and senses

Question 4

autonomic (“self-rule”) nervous system (ANS)

Answer 4

regulates vital functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion

Question 5

Autonomic nervous system is divided between…

Answer 5

sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

Question 6

sympathetic (“with feeling”) branch

Answer 6

tends to “rev-up” bodily activities in preparation for vigorous action; excited/energy-consuming states, mobilizes for emergency

Question 7

Sympathetic branch would…

Answer 7

dilates pupils, relaxes bronchi, accelerates/strengthens heartbeat, inhibits activity, and contracts vessels.

Question 8

Sympathetic branch is referred to as…

Answer 8

“fight or flight” system.

Question 9

parasympathetic (“goes with sympathetic”) branch

Answer 9

tends to restore body’s internal activities to normal after action has been completed; vegetative/energy-conserving states, maintains normal functioning

Question 10

Parasympathetic branch would…

Answer 10

contract pupils, constricts bronchi, slows heartbeat, stimulates activity, and dilates vessels.

Question 11

Parasympathetic branch is referred to as…

Answer 11

“feed and breed” or “rest and digest” system.

Question 12

central (“center”) nervous system (CNS)

Answer 12

includes brain and spinal cord

Question 13

The brain ages…

Answer 13

inside-out. The hindbrain is the oldest; the cortex is the newest.

Question 14

Brain divided into…

Answer 14

hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain.

Question 15

hindbrain

Answer 15

coordinates function fundamental to survival located at lower back part of brain

Question 16

Cat dissected above hindbrain can…

Answer 16

move but not act.

Question 17

Hindbrain is divided between the…

Answer 17

medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum (“little brain”).

Question 18

medulla oblongata (“oblong marrow”)

Answer 18

responsible for breathing, heartbeat, and blood circulation

Question 19

pons (“bridge”)

Answer 19

responsible for arousal and attention

Question 20

cerebellum (“little brain”)

Answer 20

responsible for integration of muscles to perform fine movements, but no coordination/direction of these movements

Question 21

midbrain

Answer 21

forms movements into acts and controls whole body responses to visual/auditory stimuli located at topmost part of brainstem

Question 22

Cat dissected above midbrain can…

Answer 22

move/act, but without purpose.

Question 23

superior colliculus (“upper hills”)

Answer 23

initiates motor commands and visual processing

Question 24

substantia nigra (“black substance”)

Answer 24

produces dopamine and located

Question 25

Parkinson's disease cause by...

Answer 25

too little dopamine in brain.

Question 26

forebrain (cerebrum/"brain")

Answer 26

cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus callosum

Question 27

Forebrain/Cerebrum is divided between...

Answer 27

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cortex.

Question 28

thalamus ("inner chamber")

Answer 28

sensory and motor relay center

Question 29

hypothalamus ("below inner chamber")

Answer 29

controls responses to basic needs (food/temperature/sex)

Question 30

basal ganglia

Answer 30

regulates muscle contractions for smooth movements

Question 31

limbic ("border") sytem

Answer 31

responsible for memory and emotion

Question 32

Limbic system is divided between the...

Answer 32

hippocampus (memory) and amygdala (emotion).

Question 33

Cerebral cortex divided into...

Answer 33

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes.

Question 34

cerebral cortex ("bark/skin") or neocortex ("new bark/skin")

Answer 34

outermost layer of forebrain and regulates higher motor/sensory/intellectual functions

Question 35

Cat dissected above limbic system can...

Answer 35

act normal with purpose, but clumsy.

Question 36

corpus callosum

Answer 36

thick bundle of fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres

Question 37

Each hemisphere controls...

Answer 37

opposite side of body.

Question 38

phrenology

Answer 38

pseudoscience involving the measurement of bumps on the skills to predict mental traits

Question 39

Gall established...

Answer 39

phrenology as a explanation for aphasic diagnosis that damaged the frontal lobe of a soldier.

Question 40

Phineas Gage experienced...

Answer 40

damage to part of his frontal lobe resulting in personality change from responsible/gentle to argumentative/impulsive/vile.

Question 41

In 1865, Broca identified...

Answer 41

region in patient's brain responsible for speech.

Question 42

In 1874, Wernicke identified...

Answer 42

region responsible for comprehension.

Question 43

frontal lobe

Answer 43

responsible for planning, social behavior, motor control located at front of brain

Question 44

parietal lobe

Answer 44

responsible for sense of touch (somatosensory) located at the top-back of brain

Question 45

occipital lobe

Answer 45

responsible for vision located at back of brain

Question 46

temporal lobe

Answer 46

responsible for hearing and memory located at side of brain

Question 47

central fissure

Answer 47

groove running down the middle of the lateral (side) surface of brain, separating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Question 48

lateral fissure

Answer 48

groove separating from frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe

Question 49

Left hemisphere dictates...

Answer 49

language.

Question 50

Right hemisphere dictates...

Answer 50

spatial abilities.

Question 51

Front of the brain dictates...

Answer 51

expression, actions, and plans.

Question 52

Back of the brain dictates...

Answer 52

reception, perceptions, and interpretations.

Question 53

Damage to non-primary cortex can be classified as...

Answer 53

pre-frontal lesions, apraxia, and agnosia.

Question 54

Pre-frontal cortex lesions can cause...

Answer 54

loss of planning, moral reasoning, sensitivity to social context, loss of initiation of action, or deliberation.

Question 55

apraxia ("no doing")

Answer 55

failure in sequencing components of actions; inability to organize movements

Question 56

Frontal lesions forward of the motor cortex can cause...

Answer 56

apraxia (loss of fine motor control).

Question 57

agnosia ("no knowing")

Answer 57

deficit in interpreting, categorizing, labeling and knowing

Question 58

Lesions to the occipital temporal lobes can cause...

Answer 58

agnosia (interpretation/organizational deficit).

Question 59

Right hemisphere parietal damage causes...

Answer 59

neglect; inattention to whole left side.

Question 60

Left hemisphere frontal or temporal damage causes...

Answer 60

aphasia; deficits in language function.

Question 61

aphasia

Answer 61

disorder of language caused by lesions to left hemisphere.

Question 62

expressive aphasia

Answer 62

inability to produce speech caused by lesion to Broca's area in frontal lobe

Question 63

receptive aphasia

Answer 63

inability to comprehend or produce speech caused by lesion in Wernicke's area in temporal lobe

Question 64

Split brain studies...

Answer 64

severe corpus callosum to reduce seizure severity.

Question 65

Split brain studies result in...

Answer 65

normal condition of patient with left and right brain independent in subtle ways

Question 66

Left visual field goes to...

Answer 66

right hemisphere.

Question 67

Right visual hemisphere goes to...

Answer 67

left hemisphere.

Question 68

Penfield discovered...

Answer 68

the localization of motor and sensory cortices by stimulating different parts of the brain.

Question 69

Motor and sensory homunculi demonstrate...

Answer 69

how much of the brain controls each part of the body; large portion dedicated to hands and face; small part dedicated to leg.