Nervous System!!!

Question 1

What are the two systems that the brain are controlled by?

Answer 1

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) - involuntary
Somatic Nervous system (SNS) - voluntary

Question 2

What are the 3 protections of brain?

Answer 2

the skull
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 3

What are the meninges?

Answer 3

3 continuous connective tissue membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Question 4

What is dura mater?

Answer 4

• outer layer tough, fibrous, double layered membrane
• forms the dural sinuses which collect venous blood and CSF for return to the general circulation

Question 5

What is the subdural space?

Answer 5

lies beneath the dura
potential space
(normally, empty can fill with blood after an injury)

Question 6

What is arachnoid mater?

Answer 6

middle layer, loose web like covering

Question 7

What is subarachnoid mater?

Answer 7

contains CSF and cerebral arteries and veins
lies below the arachnoid

Question 8

What is pia mater?

Answer 8

• inner layer
• delicate, connective tissue that adheres closely to all convolutions on the surface of the brain
• contains many small blood vessels

Question 9

What is the order of the meninges from the brain outwards?

Answer 9

PAD- Pia Arachnoid Dura

Question 10

What is CSF? And what does it do?

Answer 10

Cerebral Spinal fluid
Provides a cushion for the brain and spinal cord

Question 11

What is CSF important to maintain in the brain?

Answer 11

normal ICP (inter cranial pressure) it is important that equal amounts of CSF are produced and reabsorbed

Question 12

What is arachnoid villi?

Answer 12

• small protrusions
• they protrude in the venous sinuses of the brain and allow CSF to exit the sub arachnoid space and enter the blood stream
• once in the blood stream, it is carried away and filtered by the kidneys and liver the same way other fluids are

Question 13

What is the blood brain barrier??

Answer 13

• protective mechanism provided by relatively impermeable capillaries in the brain
• this barrier limits the passage of potentially damaging materials into the brain and controls the delicate balance of electrolytes, glucose and proteins in the brain

Question 14

What are the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 14

2 hemispheres seperated by a fissure (opening)

make up the largest portion of the brain

Question 15

What is a fissure?

Answer 15

an opening that separates both hemispheres

Question 16

What are the four major lobes of each hemisphere?

Answer 16

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Question 17

Each hemisphere is concerned with voluntary movement and sensory function to the _________ side of the body! What kind of pt is this important to know for?

Answer 17

OPPOSITE side

stroke patients- which area of brain is affected

Question 18

What is the primary cortex repsonsible for?

Answer 18

primary cortex= responsible for recognizing and interpreting the received data

Question 19

Your dominant hemisphere is the one that controls the ___________

Answer 19

language

Question 20

What does broca’s area control?

Answer 20

controls the output of words- the ability to talk

located base of the let frontal lobe

Question 21

What does WERNICKE’S area control?

Answer 21

comprehends language received both written spoken- understanding what you are saying

located posterior temporal lobe

Question 22

What is the limbic system?

Answer 22

controls emotional reactions and feelings

Question 23

What is the diencephalon?

Answer 23

central portion of the brain
contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 24

What does the thalamus?

Answer 24

main nerve bodies that serve as a sorting and relay station for incoming sensory impulses

Question 25

What is the hypothalamus key role?

Answer 25

in maintaining homeostasis in the body regulation of body temp, intake of food, and fluid and the regulation of sleep cycles

Question 26

What is the brainstem?

Answer 26

connects the brain to the spinal cord

Question 27

What does the brainstem contain?

Answer 27

Pons medulla oblongata RAS- Reticular Activating System

Question 28

What is the first thing to be affected when your brain starts swelling down?

Answer 28

Medulla oblongata

Question 29

What does pons contain/do in the body?

Answer 29

It controls sleep cycle and breathing (inspiration/expiration)

Question 30

What does the medulla oblongata do?

Answer 30

vital control center that regulate respiratory and cardiovascular function

Question 31

What does the RAS stand for?

Answer 31

Reticular Activating System

Question 32

What does the RAS system determine?

Answer 32

the degree or arousal or awareness of the cerebral cortex ***decides which of the incoming sensory impulses the brain ignores and which it notices***

Question 33

What is the first part to be affected when your brain starts swelling downwards?

Answer 33

medulla oblongata

Question 34

What is your cerebellum??

Answer 34

coordinates movement and maintain posture and equilibrium

Question 35

What are the main arteries that are the blood supply to the brain?

Answer 35

internal carotid arteries vertebral arteries

Question 36

What are the main arteries that are the blood supply to the brain?

Answer 36

internal carotid arteries vertebral arteries

Question 37

The vertebral arteries branch off the _______ arteries!!!!

Answer 37

subclavian

Question 38

Where does the deoxygenated blood drain into to be returned into the heart?

Answer 38

right and left juglar veins

Question 39

What structure is located inside the head that supplied blood to the brain?

Answer 39

circle of willis

Question 40

What does the circle of willis ensure??

Answer 40

that blood flow remains UNIMPEDED in case any of the principle supplies are damaged

Question 41

Where are the cranial nerves located?

Answer 41

from the brainstem and pass into the skull to serve structures in the head and neck

Question 42

What are the two fibers that the cranial nerves consist of?

Answer 42

motor and sensory OR both

Question 43

What are the 12 cranial nerves (pneumonic- Oh Oh OH to touch and feel A girls vagina so hot)

Answer 43

olfactory optical oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial auditory/vestibulocohlear glossopharyngeal vagus spinal accessory hypoglossal

Question 44

What are the functions of the cranial nerves? "some say marry money but my big brother says big booties matter most"

Answer 44

Sensory Sensory Motor motor both motor Both Sensory Both Both Motor Motor

Question 45

What does the olfactory nerve control?

Answer 45

smell- sensory

Question 46

What does the optic nerve control?

Answer 46

vision- sensory

Question 47

What does the oculomotor nerve control?

Answer 47

eye movements including eyelids- motor

Question 48

What does the trochlear nerve control?

Answer 48

eye movements- motor

Question 49

What does the trigeminal nerve control?

Answer 49

general sensory- eye nose face or oral cavity teeth speech muscles- motor

Question 50

What does the abducens nerve control?

Answer 50

eye movements- motor

Question 51

What does the facial nerve control?

Answer 51

taste, muscles of facial expression, scalp muscles sensory and motor

Question 52

What does the auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve control?

Answer 52

hearing and balance - sensory

Question 53

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve control?

Answer 53

taste, gag reflux- sensory/motor

Question 54

What does the vagus nerve control?

Answer 54

external ear, parts of taste, heart and lungs smooth muscle, glands of GI system, diaphragm- sensory/motor

Question 55

What does the spinal accessory nerve control?

Answer 55

voluntary muscles of pharynx, head movements- motor

Question 56

What does the hypoglossal nerve control?

Answer 56

muscles of the tongue- motor

Question 57

Where does the spinal cord start?

Answer 57

the medulla oblongata

Question 58

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 58

at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra

Question 59

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 59

nerves that innervate the skeletal muscles

Question 60

Where do ascending tracts relay info from and to??

Answer 60

the skeletal muscles to the brain

Question 61

Where do descending tracts relay info from and to??

Answer 61

from the brain to the muscles for movement

Question 62

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 62

31 pairs

Question 63

What is an example of an acquired reflex?

Answer 63

salivation with smell of food!!

Question 64

What do neurons require for metabolism/function? (2)

Answer 64

glucose and O2

Question 65

What are the main parts of a neuron in the brain?

Answer 65

dendrite cell body axon myelin sheath nodes of ranvier

Question 66

How are impulse transmissions transmitted from cell to cell??

Answer 66

chemical neurotransmitters

Question 67

What are the types of chemical neurotransmitters? and what do they control??

Answer 67

acetylcholine- PNS norepi/epi- SNS dopamine- expecting a reward, motivation, reinforcement serotonin- mood, sexual desire, apetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, some social behaviour

Question 68

What does the central nervous system contain?

Answer 68

brain and spinal cord

Question 69

What does the peripheral nervous system contain?

Answer 69

autonomic nervous system & somatic nervous system

Question 70

What 2 systems does the autonomic nervous system contain?

Answer 70

SNS & PNS

Question 71

What 2 types of nerves does the somatic nervous system contain?

Answer 71

sensory and motor

Question 72

What is the role (type of control) of the autonomic nervous system??

Answer 72

acts as the involuntary control!!!

Question 73

What are the two chemicals associated with the SNS response? Explain what the SNS does!!

Answer 73

norepi and epi FIGHT or FLIGHT!!!!, acts on stress, increases the level of activity including cardio, respiratory and neurologic functions!!

Question 74

What is the chemical associated with PNS?? Explain what the PNS does! What nerve is it inneverated by?

Answer 74

acetylcholine dominated the digestive system and aids in recovery after SNS stimulation, slows HR, RR and constricts pupils innervated by VAGUS nerve

Question 75

What is intercranial pressure? (define it)

Answer 75

the constant relative pressures of the brain tissue, blood and CSF !!!

Question 76

Because the brain is encased in the hard skull..... ANY increase in fluid (blood or fluid) or mass (tumour) causes an _______ of pressure on the BRAIN!!!!

Answer 76

INCREEEEEEEEEEASE.

Question 77

What does ICP result in in terms of the brain tissue?? (one word answer- hint: what happens physically to the brain after build up of pressure?)

Answer 77

COMPRESSION. BRAIN= COMPRESSED