Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Communication and integration of activities in the body are controlled by two systems ____ and _____
A
The nervous and endocrine system
2
Q
Nerve cells that are able to conduct nerve impulses
A
Neurons
3
Q
These kinds of neurons conduct impulses from receptors to the central nervous system
A
Sensory (Afferent)
4
Q
Receptors sensors sensitive to light
A
Electromagnetic (Photo)
5
Q
Receptors that respond to chemical stimulation
A
Chemoreceptors
6
Q
Receptors that respond to temperature changes
A
Thermoreceptors
7
Q
Receptors that respond to touch, pressure, or stretch
A
Mechanoreceptors
8
Q
Receptors that respond only to painful stimuli
A
Pain receptors
9
Q
Neurons that transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors
A
Motor Neurons
10
Q
Efferent Neurons are another name for ______ neurons
A
Motor Neurons
11
Q
Skeletal muscles are controlled by _____ neurons
A
Somatic Neurons
12
Q
Neurons of the voluntary system
A
Autonomic Neurons
13
Q
Neurons that are found between sensory and motor neurons
A
Interneurons
14
Q
When a stimulus elicits an immediate response
A
Reflex
15
Q
This is the most primitive level of nervous system control
A
The spinal cord level
16
Q
This is a step up from the spinal cord level of nervous system control
A
The brain stem and Cerebellum
17
Q
This is the highest level of nervous system control
A
The cerebral cortex of the cerebrum
18
Q
The most common type of nervous system synapse, uses small molecule rapid acting chemical transmitter substances
A
Chemical Synapse
19
Q
An example of a small molecule rapid acting transmitter is ______
A
Acetylcholine
20
Q
Depolarization of the axons causes ______ ____ to pass into the axon tip from the interstitial fluid
A
Calcium Ions
21
Q
To generate an ACTION POTENTIAL, the membrane must allow Positive charges to enter causing it to ________.
A
Depolarize (reverse its polarity)
22
Q
Excitatory chemical transmitters generate action potentials by binding to receptors on _______ ______ sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to diffuse freely into the cell
A
Ligand gated
23
Q
When the inside of a cell becomes more negative than normal, the cell is said to become ______
A
Hyperpolarized
24
Q
This is when a minimum of 100 or so different excitatory neurons have to fire simultaneously to excite the cell.
A
Spatial Summation
25
This is when some excitatory cells may fire at high frequency, making them more effective in exciting a cell
Temporal summation
26
Inhibitory presynaptic cells may be stimulated and, exhibiting spatial or temporal summation, ______ the effect of the excitatory cells
Oppose
27
Normal membrane resting potential is about ____mv for CNS neurons
-65
28
These are membrane potential changes that make the inside less negative. e.g. -65 to -55
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
(EPSP's)
29
These are membrane potential changes that make the potential more negative e.g. -65mv to -70mv
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
(IPSP's)
30
Inhibition using IPSP's, occurs rapidly and for short duration
Postsynaptic Inhibition
31
Inhibition, where inhibitory neurons act by decreasing the amount of excitatory transmitter released by the presynaptic neuron
Presynaptic Inhibition
32
The outer portion of the eye is composed of three tissue layers, the outer _____, the middle _____ and the inner _____
Sclera, Choroid, and Retina
33
The outer protective layer of the eye, is made of white fibrous _______
Sclera
34
Anteriorly the sclera becomes the translucent _____
Cornea
35
The middle layer of the eye, black in color because it absorbs light of all visible wavelengths
Choroid
36
Anteriorly the choroid forms the ____ and _____
Iris, and Ciliary body (structures that surround the lens of the eye)
37
The iris and ciliary body are the _____ eye muscles
Internal
38
The ciliary body is attached to the edges of the lens of the lens by _______ _________
Suspensory Ligaments
39
The hole in the center of the iris that allows for light to enter the eye
Pupil
40
The inner tissue layer of the eye
Retina
41
The retinal layer of the eye contains tow types of photoreceptor cells ____ and_____
rods and cones
42
As these kinds of rays of light from distant sources pass through the biconvex lens of the eye, they are refracted or bent such that the rays will converge with their focal point falling on the retina
Parallel rays
43
The process used to correct the problem of blurred images hitting the retina is called
Accommodation
44
The ability to accommodate correctly
Emmetropia
45
Another name for far sightedness
Hyperopia
46
Hyperopia
the eyeball is too short and the refractive power has to be increased by the ciliary muscles to accommodate a retina that is now closer to the lens
47
Another name for near sightedness
Myopia
48
Myopia
the eyeball is too elongated and the focal point for distant object falls in front of the lens
49
Losing the ability to accommodate is referred to as ______
Presbyopia
50
A condition of the lens that often occurs as part of the aging process.
Cataracts
51
One of the intrinsic eye muscles associated with the choroid layer is the _____
Iris (Goo Goo dolls)
52
The anterior cavity of the eye, in front of the lens, is filled with ______ ______
aqueous humor
53
If aqueous humor is produced faster than it is reabsorbed, it accumulates in the anterior cavity, increasing the intraocular pressure, it causes this condition
Glaucoma
54
Increase in pressure is reflected into the posterior cavity behind the lens filled with a more gelatinous substance called ______
Vitreous Humor
55
In rods, the visual pigment is ______ combined with a protein called ______
Retinal and Scotopsin
56
The combination of Retinal and Scotopsin is called ________, and whenn the _____ molecules are stimulated but light they undergo a step-wise degradation back to retinal and scotopsin
Rhodopsin
57
Some cones respond to shorter wavelength ____ light, some to intermediate wavelength _____ light, and some to longer wavelength _____ light.
Blue, Green, Red
58
Rods are able to do this _____, to different light intensities by converting between the active pigment retinal and the inactive form called retinol (aka vitamin A)
Adapt
59
Retinol (inactive pigment) is also known as
Vitamin A
60
To prevent over stimulation of rods and receptors from bright flashes of light, significant amounts of retinal are inactivated by conversion to retinol.
This process is called
Light adaptation
61
When entering a dark space from a previously bright environment, eyes undergo this process, where stored retinol is converted back to retinal that reacts with scotopsin, and rhodopsin is formed
Dark adaptation
62
A pure cone region near the center of the retina is called the _______ ______, less than a square millimeter it is the focal point of the retina
Fovea Centralis
63
The focal point of the retina , the fovea centralis is marked anatomically with a yellow spot called the ____ _____
Macula Lutea
64
An age related condition, an impairment of this most sensitive part of the retina
Associated with blurred vision and gradual loss of vision beginning centrally
Macular Degeneration
65
Due to injury or irregularity of protein fibers attaching the retina to the pigment layer below, can survive for up to several days
A detached retina
66
At the point where the optic nerve is attached, there is no overlying rods or cones. This location on the retina is called the ____ _____
Optic disk
67
Optic Disk also known as
Blind Spot
68
At the base of the brain, optic nerve fibers innervating the medial half of each retina crossover, this is called the ______ _____
optic chiasma
69
From the optic chiasma, optic ____ lead to the visual cortex of the brain, located in the posterior part of the cerebral cortex
Optic tracts
70
Eye movements within the orbits are provided by ________ skeletal muscles, six for each eye that move the eyeball within its socket
external
71
How we judge distance, three ways ____ _____ and ____
Size of image on retina, moving parallax, and stereopsis-binocular vision
72
If a close object moves slightly, it will still sweep a large portion of the retina, if a distant object moved the same amount the image will hardly move at all, by evaluating the perceived movement we judge distance via _____ _____ ( the second method)
Moving Parallax
73
Since the eyes are located roughly two inches apart we aren't seeing the same image in both eyes, the closer the object the more different the image becomes, interpretation of the magnitude of difference enables us to interpret distance via _____ _____ _____(the last method)
Stereopsis-binocular vision ( works best for near objects)
74
The conduction pathway for sound waves transmitted in air is the _______ ear
external ear
75
the chamber on the inner side of the tympanic membrane is the ______ ear
Middle ear
76
The three small bones in each ear called ______, conduct sound waves through the middle ear
ossicles
77
The handle of the first ossicle, the ______, is connected to the tympanic membrane
malleus
78
The opposite side of the malleus is connected to the second ossicle, the ____, which in turn connects to the last ossicle, the ____
Incus, and Stapes
79
The inner ear structure containing the receptors for hearing is called the _____
Cochlea
80
The cochlea is essentially three parallel tubular passages coiled up like a snail, what are the three chambers ____ _____ and _____
Scala vestibuli, Scala media, and Scala tympani
81
The oval window opens into the upper chamber, the _____
Scala vestibuli
82
A thin membrane, the ______ separates the Scala vestibuli from the middle chamber
Reissner's Membrane
83
The middle chamber of the cochlea also known as the cochlear duct is the ________
Scala Media
84
A thick membrane, the _____, separates the Scala Media from the lower chamber
Basilar Membrane
85
The lower chamber of the cochlea also known as the ______
Scala Tympani
86
The scala tympani and the scala vestibuli are filled with a fluid called _______, a fluid derived from tympani
Perilymph
87
The scala media contains _____, which is produced by the scala media itself, it contains high concentrations of potassium ions
Endolymph
88
The receptors for hearing are found on the basilar membrane in the scala media, these receptors are called the _____ of _____
Organ of Corti
89
The organ of corti is a mechanoreceptor consisting of an array of _____ cells below a membrane called the tectorial membrane
hair cells
90
What are the two types of deafness, ____ and ____ deafness
Nerve and Conduction Deafness
91
In this type of deafness, neither vibrations transmitted through the external and middle ear, nor the vibrations conducted directly through the bones of the skull are perceived
Nerve Deafness
92
In this type of deafness, transmission of sound vibrations from the external ear to the inner ear is impeded, usually caused by damage to the tympanic membrane, fusion of the ossicles, accumulation of ear wax, plugged Eustachian tubes or other blockages
Conduction Deafness
93
Taste receptors called ____ ____ consist of groups of about 40 cells each embedded in the epithelial tissue of the tongue
taste buds
94
Taste buds are an example of _____ receptors, due to molecules of substances entering the mouth binding to proteins in the membranes of the microvilli causing them to stimulate sensory neurons located below them
Chemoreceptors
95
Taste buds receptors can be categorized into five categories : _____ _____ _____ _____ and ______
Salty, Sweet, Bitter, Savory, and Umami
96
The spinal cord is separated into two halves right and left, by an ____ and _____
anterior fissure and a posterior sulcus
97
A narrow band of grey matter called the ______ _____, forms a communication link between the two halves
gray commissure
98
A ____ _____ continuous with the ventricles of the brain is found in the gray commissure
central canal
