Nervous system Flashcards by Joanna Hare

simple pattern reflexes involve only

spinal cord circuits

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simple pattern reflexes are (3)

automated, unlearned, stereotyped reflexes

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simple pattern reflexes do not require

cortical input

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complex postural adjustments involve (2)

spinal cord and supraspinal brain centres

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supraspinal brain centres (3)

brain stem, extrapyramidal tract, cerebellum

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complex postural adjustments are not

stereotyped reflexes

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complex postural adjustments are (2)

flexible and goal orientated

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complex postural adjustments coordinate with

voluntary movements

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complex postural adjustments require

cortical input for coordination

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Voluntary movements involve (3)

spinal cord, brainstem, motor cortex

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Central nervous system contains

upper motor neurons

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peripheral nervous system contains

lower motor neurons

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central nervous system is made up of (3)

motor cortex, brainstem, spinal cord

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Peripheral nervous system is made up of (2)

spinal cord and skeletal muscle

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UMN order

1st order

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LMN order

2nd order

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cortical neurons of the motor cortex

pyramidal tract

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motor neurons of the brainstem nuclei (4)

red nucleus, tectum, reticular formation, vestibular nuclei

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upper motor neurons are made of (2)

cortical neurons of the motor cortex and motor neurons of the brainstem nuclei

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lower motor neurons are made of (2)

α- & γ- motoneurons of the spinal anterior horn and motor neurones of cranial nerves in the brainstem

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UMN axons don’t depart to the

PNS

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LMN cell bodies are located in the

CNS

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LMN axons depart to the

PNS

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LMNs target the

skeletal muscle they innervate

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NMJ

neuromuscular junction

NMJ between (2)

motor neuron axon terminal and muscle fibres

another name for junction

synapse

neuromuscular junction anatomy (7)

motor neuron, axon, path of action potential, neuromuscular junction, motor end plate, muscle fibre, myofibrils

PNS nerves can be (2)

afferent or efferent

afferent PNS nerve

to CNS

efferent PNS nerve

away from CNS

efferent nerves are

motor

afferent nerves are

sensory

what connects efferent and afferent to CNS

separate spinal roots

Nerve root region anatomy (8)

spinal cord, ventral roots, dorsal roots, vertebra, nerve, nerve fibres/axons, muscle, skin

area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

dermatome

group of muscles supplied by single spinal nerve

myotome

nerve plexuses (4)

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

lumbar plexus

lower limbs

brachial plexus

upper limbs

sacral plexus

lower limbs

cervical plexus (3)

head, neck, diaphragm

Descending motor system is made of (2)

lateral and anterior motor system

Order of descending motor system (4)

primary motor cortex, upper motor neuron, crosses midline, lower motor neuron

pyramidal tracts cross at

decussation of pyramids

pyramid decussation anatomy (5)

pyramid, uncrossed fibres, decussation of pyramid, lateral corticospinal tract, ventral corticospinal tract

pyramids divided by

anterior median fissure

pathways to the brainstem

cerebellum basal ganglia

brainstem feeds into

pyramidal tract

pathway to cerebellum from

pons

pathway to pons from

motor cortex

pathway to motor cortex from

thalamus

pathway to thalamus from (2)

basal ganglia and cerebellum

pathway to basal ganglia from

motor cortex

motor pathways

pyramidal and extrapyramidal

pyramidal tracts (2)

lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts

lateral corticospinal tracts (4)

sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical

Extrapyramidal tracts (4)

rubrospinal, reticulospinal, olivospinal, vestibulospinal

controls flexor muscle tone

rubrospinal tract

gross movement and posture

reticulospinal tract

olivospinal tract role

propioception

vestibulospinal tract function

hand eye coordination

sensory pathways (4)

dorsal column medial lemniscus system, spinocerebellar tract, anterolateral system, spino olivary fibres

dorsal column medial lemniscus system (2)

gracile and cuneate fasiculus

gracile fasiculus (3)

sacral, lumbar, thoracic

cuneate fasciculus

cervical

spinocerebellar tract (2)

anterior and posterior

anterolateral system (2)

anterior and lateral

potential parkinson's disease treatment

deep brain stimulation

DBS

deep brain stimulation

mechanism of DBS

unclear

what does DBS likely do

high frequency impulse inhibtion of subthalamic nuclei

DBS set up (5)

subthalamic nucleus, electrode, lead, extension wire, pulse generator

cause of parkinons

dopamine reduction

parkinsons degenerative changes in

globus pallidus and substantia nigra