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Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

Has 2 main parts/divisions

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

Nervous system ~~> CNS ~~> ?

A

The CNS has two parts

Brain 🧠
Spinal cord

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3
Q

Nervous system ~~> PNS ~~> ??

A

PNS goes into

•Sensory pathway
OR
•Motor pathway

Then from MOTOR PATHWAY goes into either
•Somatic nervous system (under conscious control) voluntary)
OR
•Autonomic nervous system (not under conscious control) involuntary *think automatic)

Then from AUTONOMIC goes into
•Sympathetic nervous system
OR
•Parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT
-Adrenaline rush
-Increase heart rate
-Increase breathing rate
-Increase blood glucose levels
-Pupils dilate (gets bigger to see more)
-Digestion goes down

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5
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

REST OR DIGEST
-Heart rate goes down ( back to normal)
-Breathing rate back down
-Blood glucose levels back down
-Pupils contract
-Digestion increases

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6
Q

What do the kidneys do in the sympathetic state of PNS

A

Stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine
*adrenaline

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7
Q

Cells of the nervous system

A

Neuron’s
• conducting cells (transmit nerve impulses) moves messages)

Glial cells
•non-conducting cells (structural support/ metabolism)

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8
Q

3 types of neurons

A

1) sensory neuron
-senses and transmit to CNS
-is in the PNS

2) Interneurons
-links sensory + motor neurons
-only in the CNS
- process & Integrate incoming sensory info and relay to motor info

3) motor neurons
- transmit info from CNS to muscles, glands, organs (effectors)

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9
Q

Reflex arc

A

-A sudden, unlearned, involuntary response
-Bypassed the brain 🧠

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10
Q

Neurilema

A

•Only SOME neurons (mostly PNS)
•Allows for regeneration after damage
•Usually not on neuron’s in the CNS, therefore injuries there can be permanent

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11
Q

Dendrites (in neuron)

A

Bring signal into cell body

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12
Q

Recptors

A

Receive the signal

( antenas on the end of dendrites)

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

In the middle of the cell body of a neuron

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14
Q

Cell body (neuron)

A

Main part at beginning of neuron

Soma

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15
Q

Axon hillock

A

Part before the axon in a neuron

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16
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Where action potentials occur

(In between myelin sheaths)

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17
Q

Axon

A

The long rope from the cell body to the axon terminal

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18
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Skipping down the axon

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19
Q

Schwann cell

A

Makes myelin sheath

( in the middle of myelin sheath)

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20
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Acts to protect the axon
Speeds up impulse
Made from Schwann cells
Fatty protein

If there is a breakdown of the myelin sheath, the signal will be slower (MS)

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21
Q

Grey matter

A

Unmylienated neurons

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22
Q

Pathway of sound through the ear

A

Sound waves
Pinna
Auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
3 ossicles
Oval window
Cochiea (hair cells to make an impulse)
Auditory nerve
Temporal lobe of the 🧠

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23
Q

White matter

A

Mylienated neurons

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24
Q

The 3 ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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25
Cochlea
Contains organ of corti which has tiny hairs that convert sound waves into impulses Looks like a snail 🐌
26
Ear drum
Tympanic membrane Vibrates w mechanical waves
27
Semi circular canals
Fluid filled that help w balance (rollercoaster)
28
Eustachian tube
Equalizes pressure between your head and the atmosphere
29
3 main sections of the ear 👂
Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear
30
2 main functions of the ear
Hearing and balance (equilibrium)
31
Outer ear contains..
Pinna - skin flaps & cartilage Auditory canal- hole up to the ear drum (tympanic membrane)
32
Middle ear - sound
Starts at ear drum(tympanic membrane) Then the 3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) Then Oval window of cochlea (INNER ear) Receives sound from ossicles
33
3 ossicles
Malleus Incus Stapes
34
Middle ear - equilibrium
Eustachian tube Equalizes air pressure between middle ear/ inner ear and mouth/ nasal passages)
35
Inner ear - sound
Cochlea •Coiled tube that identifies sound waves and turns them into nerve impulses and sends it to the temporal lobe •contains basilar hairs that detect sound
36
Inner ear- equilibrium
Semicircular canals Fluid filled structures Helps w balance
37
Deafness
Comes from stiffening of the bones Caused by prolonged exposure to sounds above 90dB can destroy hair cells
38
Pathway of light into eye 👁️
Corneas Aqueous humor Pupil (surrounded by Iris) Lens Vitreous humor Retina Optic nerve Occipital lobe
39
Sensory receptors (4 main points)
Sight -photoreceptors (rods(see in dim light) and cones(color and acute detail) in the eye) -Stimuli=light Smell/taste -chemoreceptors (tastebuds, olfactory) -stimuli=chemical Touch/hearing -mechanoreceptors (in skin touch, pressure,pain,hair cells-hearing,balance) -stimuli=mechanical Thermoreceptors -in skin for temp -stimuli = energy
40
Sensory adaptation
Sensory adaptation occurs when a receptor becomes ACCUSTOMED to the stimulus In other words “gets used to it” Becomes less sensitive
41
Sclera (in eye)
Outer layer Support and protects eye “S= support”
42
Cornea 👁️
Outer front part Refraction of light 💡
43
Aqueous humor
Jelly substance that comes first (think A) Refraction and nutrient
44
Choroid layer 👁️
Middle layer in the back Blood supply/ prevents scattering
45
Iris 👁️
The color Regulates the size of the pupil/amount of light
46
Vitreous humor
Middle jelly Maintain shape / light transition
47
Conjunctiva 👁️
Thin film covers cornea Protects cornea(pink eye)conjunctivitis)
48
Lens
Accommodation Focusing 🧘‍♀️ Like built in glasses 🤓
49
Pupil 👁️
Opening in the Iris Allows light into the eye
50
Retina 👁️
Contains photoreceptors Rods for low light ☕️ Cones for color/bright light 💡 “Think sea shell in the back of a cows eye receipting”
51
Fovea centralis
Most sensitive Most cones 🟠🟡🟢🔴⚪️🟣 “Think C= cones, sensitive cones”
52
Dilated
To let more light in When the pupil is big. The Iris is small
53
Constricted 👁️
The Iris grows
54
Facts abt the brain
-85% water -10 billion neurons -Surface is convoluted(wrinkles/folds) to increase surface area -Inner part contains hollow fluid filled ventricles
55
Brains are protected by membrane’s called MENINGES (DAP)
Outer - dura mater Middle - arachnoid Inner - pla mater ~>inbetween these layers are cerebrospinal fluid which act as a shock absorber 🧽& transport 🦅 medium
56
Medulla oblongata (Parts of the brain 🧠 )
Controls autonomic function (vital functions) ❤️🫁👄
57
Pons 🧠
Relay center between cerebellum and medulla 📩
58
Corpus callosum 🧠
Left/ right hemisphere relay ⬅️➡️ Any damage to one side of the brain to fax the opposite side of the body (Cris-cross effect) “Think c-c =cris cross”
59
Hypothalamus 🧠
Controls the pituitary gland And the pituitary glands secrete hormones
60
Cerebellum
Balance and coordination At the back of the brain. Kinda detached from the main portion.
61
Cerebrum / cerebral cortex / crust
All 4 lobes Everything that all 4 lobes do Whole outer surface ( convoluted )
62
Frontal lobe
The front part of the brain 🧠 Personality Thinking 🤔 Memory Behaviour Problem solving 💡 Reasoning
63
Parietal lobe
Middle top part of the brain 🧠 Controls All other senses Touch 👏 Taste 👅 Smell 👃
64
Temporal lobe
Middle of the brain 🧠 (kinda by the ears 👂 ) Hearing / auditory 🎧
65
Occipital lobe
Back of the head above the cerebellum Controls sight 👀
66
Cerebellum
Back of head/ bottom under the occipital lobe Balance and coordination 💃
67
Brain stem
Controls breathing 😮‍💨 Heart rate ❤️ Temperature 🤒 (Vital functions)
68
Medulla oblogata
Vital functions breathing 😮‍💨 Heart rate ❤️ Temperature 🤒
69
Synapse What happens when the impulse gets to the end of the neuron?
-space between neurons is called synapse/ synaptic cleft - neurons do not physically touch each other - a chemical (neurotransmitters) is released from the vesicles in the pre-synaptic axon/neuron —> it crosses & is picked up by the receptor sites in the post-synaptic dendrites
70
Types of neurotransmitters
Excitatory OR inhibitory effects on the post-synaptic membrane
71
Excitatory neurotransmitter
Lower threshold potential Raise the resting potential “Depolarize the resting potential”
72
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Raise the threshold potential Lower the resting potential “Hyper-polarize the resting potential”
73
What does cholinesterase do?
PAC-man eats the acetylcholine (muscle contraction) Eats the little guys trying to find the receptors in a synapse
74
Electric impulse
The bouncing down the action to send a chemical signal for synapses
75
Synapses
Signal gets to end of axon Ca2+ rushes into axon terminal Vesicles get pushed to the edge Neurotransmitters is released by exocitosis Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapse Receptors on post synaptic neuron receive the signal Enzymes destroy remaining neurotransmitters (pack man’s ) OR They go up the reuptake channel
76
Action potential
Follows ALL OR NOTHING LAW For impulse to be generated a stimulus must be strong enough to reach threshold If to weak no action potentials
77
The stages of transmission (Action potentials)
1) polarization Resting (-70mV) Sodium ions on the outside potassium in the inside 2) depolarization (-55mV) to stimulate Sodium ions move into the neuron Making it more positive Goes till abt (+40mV) 3) repolarization Potassium ions move out rly fast 💨 4) hyperpolarization (-90mV) When K+ gates finally close the neuron has dropped lower then resting 5) refractory period Back to resting When Na+ & K+ are returned to original state The Na+/K+ pump transports (ATP) 3 sodium for every 2 potassium ions. Doesn’t respond to a stimuli until everything is back ti resting.
78
Saltatory conduction
Jumping over the myliens on an axon
79
Thalamus
your body's information relay station.
80
Nearsightedness (myopia)
common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry.

Bio 30 (2 decks)

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