Nervous System

Question 1

What are the function of neurons?

Answer 1

To release neurotransmitters into the synapse to communicate with a target cell

Question 2

What are the function neurosecretory cells?

Answer 2

A nerve cell releasing neurohormones into circulation; hybrid between nervous and endocrine cells

Question 3

What is the cell body of a neuron?

Answer 3

Soma

Question 4

What structure receives incoming signals to a neuron?

Answer 4

Dendrites

Question 5

What is the function of the axon hillock?

Answer 5

Initiates action potentials from soma to axon

Question 6

What are the 2 types of membrane potentials?

Answer 6

Graded and action potentials

Question 7

What is a graded potential?

Answer 7

Change of membrane potential due to Na+ ligand-gated channels being ; can occur on dendrites or soma

Question 8

What is an action potential?

Answer 8

Excessive depolarization that exceeds threshold, can occur from a previous graded potential

Question 9

What is a myelin sheath?

Answer 9

Fatty, insulation around an axon

Question 10

What are the myelin sheaths in the PNS called?

Answer 10

Schwann cells

Question 11

What are the myelin sheaths in the CNS called?

Answer 11

Oligodedrocytes

Question 12

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

Answer 12

Spaces between myelin sheaths that are highly concentrated with voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question 13

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 13

The skipping of electrical signals on a myelinated axon from node to node

Question 14

What types of cell-cell communication is there?

Answer 14

Electrical and chemical

Question 15

Describe electrical communication between cells

Answer 15

Pre- & post-synaptic cells are connected through gap junctions

Question 16

What are 2 types of receptors that are included in chemical communication?

Answer 16

Ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 17

What are ionotropic receptors?

Answer 17

Ligand-gated receptors that allow ions to enter after neurotransmitter binding

Question 18

What are metabotropic receptors?

Answer 18

Receptors that activate other intracellular pathways when bound by a neurotransmitter

Question 19

Convergent neural networks

Answer 19

Multiple afferent neurons synapse @ 1 efferent neuron

Question 20

Divergent neural networks

Answer 20

One afferent neuron synapses @ many different efferent neurons

Question 21

Habituation

Answer 21

Decrease of transmitters overtime due to repeated exposure

Question 22

Sensitization

Answer 22

Increase response to a gentle stimulus due to its association to a stronger stimulus

Question 23

Ganglia

Answer 23

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies

Question 24

What is white matter?

Answer 24

Myelinated axons

Question 25

Gray matter (Cortex)

Answer 25

Cell body and dendrites

Question 26

What are 3 protective layers of the CNS? (outside-inside)

Answer 26

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

Question 27

3 regions of brain

Answer 27

Hind-, mid- & fore-brain

Question 28

Left hemisphere of cerebrum

Answer 28

Speech control

Question 29

Right hemisphere of cerebrum

Answer 29

Perception and orientation

Question 30

What is a sulcus?

Answer 30

A groove

Question 31

What is a gyrus?

Answer 31

A fold

Question 32

4 lobes of the brain cortex

Answer 32

Frontal Occipital Parietal Temporal

Question 33

What are the different types of systems in a efferent system?

Answer 33

Somatic & autonomic

Question 34

Somatic system

Answer 34

Voluntary actions (skeletal muscles)

Question 35

Autonomic system

Answer 35

Involuntary actions (visceral organs)

Question 36

What neurotransmitter is release at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 36

Accetylcholine

Question 37

Where do sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons synapse?

Answer 37

Peripheral autonomic ganglion

Question 38

What does the medulla oblongata regulate?

Answer 38

Respiration & blood pressure

Question 39

Criteria to be a neurotransmitter?

Answer 39

1)Synthesized in neurons 2)Released at the presynaptic neuron 3)Bind to receptor on postsynaptic neuron

Question 40

What are the types of receptors that Ach can bind to?

Answer 40

Nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 41

What are nicotinic receptors?

Answer 41

Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic) found in SNS or PSNS

Question 42

What are muscarinic receptors?

Answer 42

G-coupled proteins (metabotropic); cascade of many metabolic steps

Question 43

What types of adrenergic receptors are there?

Answer 43

Alpha and Beta

Question 44

Agonist

Answer 44

Substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a signalling event

Question 45

Antagonist

Answer 45

Substance that binds to a receptor, but does not trigger a signalling event