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1020 Biosciences 2 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the nervous system.

A

The nervous system is divided into two major divisions:

  • The central nervous system = including the brain and the spinal cord,
  • The peripheral nervous system = including the nerves outside the central nervous system.
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2
Q

Discuss the organisation of the nervous system.

A

An intricate network of billions of neurons and even more neuroglia. Organized into two main subdivisions: The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

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3
Q

14.3 Identify the meninges of the brain and outline their function.

A
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4
Q

14.4 Define the major sections of the spinal cord.

A
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5
Q

What are the two sources of blood to the brain?

A

-internal carotid arteries
-vertebral arteries

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6
Q

What are the two major functions of the PNS?

A

It’s two major functions are:

  • To carry information from the sensory organs and internal organs to the CNS.
  • To convey information between the CNS and all other parts of the body outside the brain and spinal cord.
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7
Q

15.2 Describe sensory nerves and motor neurons.

A
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8
Q

Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. (I - III)

A

(I)
Name = Olfactory Nerve
Components = Sensory: Axons in the lining of the nose
Function = Smell

(II)
Name = Optic Nerve
Components = Sensory: Axons from the retina of the eye
Function = Vision

(III)
Name = Oculomotor Nerve
Components = XXXX
Function = Movement of Upper eyelid and eyeball; alters the shape of the lens for near vision and contracts pupil.

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9
Q

15.4 Explain the major motor, sensory and mixed functions of the cranial nerves.

A
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10
Q

15.5 Identify the types of exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors.

A
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11
Q

16.1 Describe the main functions of the ANS.

A
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12
Q

16.2 Discuss the functions of the somatic neurons to the ANS neurons.

A
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13
Q

16.3 Describe a simple reflex arc.

A
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14
Q

16.4 Compare the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

A
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15
Q

Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. (IV -VII)

A

(IV)
Name = Trochlear Nerve
Components = Axons of somatic motor neurons stimulate the superior oblique muscles.
Function = Movement of the eyeball

(V)
Name = Trigeminal Nerve
Components = XXXX.
Function = Touch, pain and temperature sensations and muscle sense (proprioception)

(VI)
Name = Abducens Nerve
Components = Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate the lateral rectus muscles.
Function = Movement of the eyeball.

(VII)
Name = Facial Nerve

Components =
-Sensory part: Axons from the taste buds on the tongue and axons from proprioceptors in muscles of the face and scalp.

  • Motor Part: Axons of somatic neurons that stimulate facial, scalp and neck muscles, plus parasympathetic axons that stimulate lacrimal (tear) glands and salivary glands.

Function =
- Taste: Muscle sense (proprioception); touch, pain and temperature sensations

  • Facial Expressions: secretion of tears and saliva.
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16
Q

Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. (VIII -X)

A

(VIII)
Name = Vestibulocochlear nerve

Components =
- Vestibular branch, sensory: Axons from semicircular canals and utricle (organs of equilibrium).
- Cochlear branch, sensory: Acxons from the spiral organ (of hearing)

Function = Equilibrium - Vestibular branch

Hearing - Cochlear branch

(IX)
Name = Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Components =
- Sensory Part: Axons from taste buds and somatic sensory receptors on the part of the tongue, from proprioceptors in some swallowing muscles, and from stretch receptors in the carotid sinus and chemoreceptors in the carotid body.

Motor part: Axons of somatic motor neurons stimulate the swallowing muscles of the throat, and parasympathetic axons stimulate the salivary gland.

Function =

Sensory part: Taste and somatic sensations (touch, pain, and temperature) from the tongue; muscle sense (proprioception) in some swallowing muscles; monitoring blood pressure; monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood to regulate breathing.

Motor Part - Swallowing, speech, secretion of saliva

(X)
Name = Vagus Nerve
Components =

  • Sensory Part: Axons from taste buds in the pharynx (throat) and epiglottis; proprioceptors in the muscles of the neck and throat from stretch receptors; chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and carotid body from chemoreceptors in the aortic body; and visceral sensory receptors in most organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
  • Motor Part: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles of the throat and neck plus parasympathetic axons that supply smooth muscle in the airways, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, and gallbladder; cardiac muscle in the heart; and glands of the gastrointestinal tract,

Function =
- Sensory Part: taste and somatic sensations (touch, pain, temperature) from the pharynx and epiglottis; monitoring of blood pressure, oxygen and CO2 in the blood to regulate breathing; sensations from visceral organs in the thorax and abdomen.

  • Motor Part: Swallowing, coughing and voice production; smooth muscle contraction and relaxation in organs of the gastrointestinal tract; slowing of the heart rate; secretion of digestive fluids.
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17
Q

Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. (XI - XII)

A

(XI)
Name = Accessory Nerve

Components = Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the throat and neck

Function = Movements of the head and shoulders

(XII)
Name = Hypoglossal Nerve

Components = Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate muscles of the tongue

Function = Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing.

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18
Q

Describe what the Autonomic Nervous system is.

A

Part of the nervous system, regulating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands. Although the ANS usually operates without conscious control from the cerebral cortex, it is regulated by other brain regions, mainly the hypothalamus and brain stem.

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19
Q

Define the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes many different kinds of incoming sensory information and is the source of thoughts, emotions, and memories. Most nerve impulses that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete originate from the CNS.

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20
Q

Define the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

The PNS includes all nervous tissue outside the CNS. Its components are nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors. The PNS is divided into a somatic nervous system, an autonomic nervous system, and an enteric nervous system.

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21
Q

Define the Somatic Nervous System (Skeletal Nervous System).

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

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22
Q

Define the Autonomic Nervous System.

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

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23
Q

Define the Enteric Nervous System.

A

The nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract. It controls secretion and motility within the GI tract and is linked to the central nervous system.

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24
Q

Define a Nerve.

A

A bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lie outside the brain and spinal cord.

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25
Q

Define a Cranial Nerve.

A

Cranial nerves are the nerves that carry sensory input and motor output for the head and neck region. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

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26
Q

Define a Spinal Nerve.

A

Spinal nerves are a bundle of nerve fibers attached to the spinal cord. They convey sensory information from the body and carry messages to muscles and glands.

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

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27
Q

Define Ganglia.

A

Ganglia are small masses of nervous tissue located outside the brain and spinal cord. They consist primarily of neuron cell bodies and are closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves.

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28
Q

Define Enteric Plexuses.

A

Enteric plexuses are extensive networks of neurons located in the walls of organs of the gastrointestinal tract.

The neurons of these plexuses help regulate the digestive system.

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29
Q

Define Sensory Receptors.

A

Structures of the nervous system that monitor changes in the external or internal environment.

Examples include touch receptors in the skin, photoreceptors in the eye, and olfactory receptors in the nose.

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30
Q

Define Sensory Function.

A

Sensory receptors detect internal stimuli, such as increased blood acidity, and external stimuli, such as a raindrop landing on your arm. The sensory information is then carried into the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves.

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31
Q

Define Integrative Function.

A

The nervous system integrates (processes) sensory information by analyzing and storing some of it and making decisions about appropriate responses—an activity called integration.

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32
Q

Define Motor Function.

A

Once sensory information is integrated, the nervous system may elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors (muscles and glands) through cranial and spinal nerves.

Stimulation of the effectors causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete.

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33
Q

Identify the key parts of the neuron.

Define a Soma.

A

The body of neurons; responsible for the health of neurons and speed of signal

34
Q

Identify the key parts of the neuron.

Define Dendrites.

A

The input of neurons; receive electric signals.

35
Q

Identify the key parts of the neuron.

Define an axon

A

The Longest part of the neuron, carrier, highway for signal.

36
Q

Identify the key parts of the neuron.

Define myelin sheath.

A

layer of fat that wraps axon; protects and speeds up signal

37
Q

Identify the key parts of the neuron.

Define a neural impulse.

A

electrical signal traveling down axon; message being sent

38
Q

Identify the key parts of the neuron.

Define terminal branches.

A

sends message to next neuron

39
Q

Identify the major neurotransmitters.

Define Glutamate

A
  • excitatory
  • important to all behaviours (learning, memory, mood, cognition)
40
Q

Identify the major neurotransmitters.

Define Acetylcholine.

A
  • excitatory
  • muscular movement, memory
  • When there is an undersupply, there is a higher risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and paralysis (botulism).
  • When there is an oversupply, a higher risk of convulsions
41
Q

Identify the major neurotransmitters.

Define Dopamine.

A
  • excitatory or inhibitory
  • voluntary movement, pleasure, motivation, learning
  • When there is an undersupply, higher risk of Parkinson’s Disease (initiating movement) and depression.
  • When there is an oversupply, there is a higher risk of Schizophrenia.
42
Q

Identify the major neurotransmitters.

Define GABA.

A
  • inhibitory
  • all behaviours (anxiety, motor control)
  • inhibits brain function (oversupply)
  • Huntington’s Disease (destruction of GABA neurons), loss of motor control (undersupply)
43
Q

Identify the major neurotransmitters.

Define Serotonin.

A
  • inhibitory
  • mood, pleasure
  • Prozac works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin
  • depression (undersupply)
44
Q

Identify the major neurotransmitters.

Define Endorphins.

A
  • inhibitory
  • inhibiting pain
  • insensitivity to pain (oversupply)
  • hypersensitivity to pain (undersupply)
45
Q

Support cells for neurons are known as:

A

glia
- there are 10x as many glial cells as there are neurons

46
Q

What are the 5 types of glia?

A

astrocytes
microglial
ependymal
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

47
Q

Which glial cells are most responsible for support and ion regulation?

A

astrocytes
- “scaffolding” holds other neurons in place
- helps control external environment around neurons
- astrocytomas: one of more common types of brain tumors

48
Q

Which glial cells are most responsible for immune function?

A

microglia
- derived from same cells that produce macrophages, WBCs
- fewer, smaller, don’t have same mobility –> why immune system function in CNS is reduced

49
Q

Which type of glial cells are found in the choroid plexus and CSF?

A

Ependymal cells: take fluids from the body and re-secretes them as CSF

50
Q

What type of glial cells makeup CNS myelination?

A

oligodendrocytes (white matter)

51
Q

What type of glial cells makeup PNS myelination?

A

Schwann cells: made up of phospholipid bilayer
- can regenerate*
- variable thickness of myelin sheath

52
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Cerebrum.

A

Processes memory, speech, the senses, and some emotional responses

53
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Cerebral Cortex.

A

Interprets sensory input, controls skilled skeletal muscle movements, and is involved in emotional and intellectual processes.

54
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Cerebellum.

A

Smooths and coordinates skilled skeletal muscle movement; also posture and balance or equilibrium.

55
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Brain Stem.

A

Controls blood pressure, respiration, and survival responses (ie “fight of flight” responses).

56
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Diencephalon.

A

Sensory function, food intake control, body’s ability to sleep.

57
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Thalamus.

A

Relays all sensory input to the cerebral cortex; involved in skeletal muscle actions and memory processing.

58
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Superior Colliculus.

A

Receives visual signals from retina; orientation of eyes & head.

59
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Hypothalamus.

A

Controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system; regulates hormones, emotional behavior, temperature, eating and drinking behavior.

60
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Inferior Colliculus.

A

Auditory center, integration of hearing reflexes.

61
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Medulla Oblongata.

A

Contains cardiac, vasomotor, & respiratory control center.

62
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Pons.

A

Helps control breathing; conducts impulses to and from the cerebellum, midbrain, and medulla.

63
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Pineal Body.

A

Secretes hormones like melatonin to help with sleep

64
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Mammilary Body.

A

Processes recognitional memory; helps with chewing, swallowing, licking, eating

65
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Fourth Ventricle.

A

Protects human brain from trauma, helps form central canal.

66
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Cerebral Aqueduct.

A

Ensures flow of CSF, connects ventricles 3 &4.

67
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Lateral Ventricles (1 & 2)

A

Protection of brain from trauma, circulates CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid).

68
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Fornix

A

Connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

69
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Longitudinal Fissure.

A

Separates left & right hemisphere.

70
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Transverse Fissure.

A

Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum.

71
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Corpus Callosum.

A

Allows communication between the right and left side of the brain.

72
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Precentral Gyrus.

A

Primary motor area, controls the voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

73
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Postcentral Gyrus.

A

Location of the primary somatosensory cortex, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch.

74
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Central Sulcus.

A

Separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

75
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Temporal Lobe.

A

Deals with hearing, speech, memory, and behavior.

76
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Frontal Lobe.

A

Deals with planning, reasoning, impulse control, and personality.

77
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Parietal Lobe.

A

Orientation of body, perception of stimuli.

78
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Occipital Lobe

A

Visual reception, stimulation, & association

79
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Broca’s Speech Area.

A

Deals with speech

80
Q

Describe the major functions of the brain.

Describe the function of the Wernicke’s Area.

A

Helps understand spoken language.

81
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid has three main functions:

A

Protect brain and spinal cord from trauma.

Supply nutrients to nervous system tissue.

Remove waste products from cerebral metabolism.

82
Q

Where produces CSF?

A

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles.

1020 Biosciences 2 (17 decks)

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