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nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

overall function of the nervous system

A

Coordinate the body’s systems by receiving and sending information; maintaining homeostasis

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2
Q

what does the nervous system include

A

Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves

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3
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS

A

Nerves throughout the body
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves

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5
Q

sensory receptors

A

ends of peripheral neurons that gather information by detecting changes inside and outside the body

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6
Q

systems of the nervous system (2)

A

somatic and autonomic

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7
Q

somatic

A

skeletal and voluntary

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8
Q

autonomic

A

Smooth muscles, Glands, Involuntary, Parasympathetic (rest and digest), sympathetic (fight or flight)

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9
Q

neurons

A

mass of nerves cells that transmit information

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10
Q

what makes up a neuron

A

dendrites, Chromatophilic substance, myelin, nodes of Ranvier, axon, nucleus

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11
Q

microglial cells

A

Immune function; digest debris, kills bacteria

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

make myelin sheath that provides insulation around the axons
(In the CNS)

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

connect blood vessels to neurons

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14
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

forms membranes around tissue

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15
Q

Schwann cells

A

form the insulating myelin sheath around the neurons in the PNS

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16
Q

how do nerve impulses travel
(8 steps)

A
  1. Neuron membrane maintains resting potential
  2. Threshold stimulus is received
  3. Sodium channels open
  4. Sodium ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the membrane
  5. Potassium channels open
  6. Potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane
  7. The resulting action potential causes a local bioelectric current that stimulates the membrane.
  8. Wave of action potentials travel the length of the axon as a nerve impulse
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17
Q

depolarization

A

loss of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle or nerve cell due to a change in permeability and migration of sodium ions to the interior

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18
Q

synapse

A

junction between two communicating neurons

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19
Q

Nerve pathway

A

dendrites, cell body, along axon, synapse, dendrite

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20
Q

Excitatory

A

increase membrane permeability, increases chance for threshold to be achieved

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21
Q

inhibitory

A

decrease membrane permeability, decrease chance for threshold to be achieved

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22
Q

ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain

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23
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy neuromuscular connections

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24
Q

Epilepsy

A

Excessive electrical activity within networks of neurons in the brain

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25
MS Multiple Sclerosis in neuron
Myelin around the nerve fibers is lost (autoimmune) and forms scar tissue called sclerosis
26
nerve
bundles of axons, cordlike bundle of nerve fibers
27
Sensory fibers/Afferent fibers
Bring sensory information to the CNS
27
Motor fibers/Efferent fibers:
Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors
28
meninges
layered membranes that lie between the bony coverings and soft tissues of the CNS. They protect the brain and spinal cord. Dura mater (outermost) Arachnoid mater (midde) Pia mater (innermost)
29
functions of spinal cord
conducting nerve impulses Serves as the center for spinal reflexes
30
major parts of the brain
Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
31
cerebrum
Divided into a left and right cerebral hemisphere The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres Provides higher brain functions, Stores memory and uses reason, Intelligence & Personality arise from here
32
the lobes of the brain (4)
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
33
diencephalon
Located between the hemispheres and above the midbrain includes thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tract, optic chiasma, infundibulum, posterior pituitary gland, mammillary bodies, pineal gland
34
thalamus
produces general awareness (pain, touch, temperature)
35
hypothalamus
regulates (heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, etc.)
36
brainstem
Bundle of nervous tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
37
midbrain
includes reflex centers (eye movement, auditory reflex)
38
pons
relay sensory information to the higher brain centers
39
medulla oblangata
cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers
40
cerebellum
Large mass of tissue that is located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata Communicates with other parts of the CNS
41
cranial nerves (12 pairs)
I. olfactory II. optic III. oculomotor IV. trochlear V. trigeminal VI. abducens VII. facial VIII. vestibulocochlear IX. glossopharyngeal X. vagus XI. accessory XII. hypoglossal
42
olfactary nerve
smell
43
optic nerve
vision
44
oculomotor nerve
most muscles in the eye
45
trochlear nerve
moves eyelid
46
trigeminal nerve
main sensory nerve in the face
47
abducens nerve
controls lateral rectus (eye)
48
facial nerve
facial expression
49
vestibulocochlear nerve
hearing and balance
50
glossopharyngeal nerve
pharynx and tongue
51
vagus nerve
controls the organs in the abdominal cavity
52
accessory nerve
shoulder muscles
53
hypoglossal nerve
speech
54
sections of the spinal cord
cervical (8) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccygeal (1)
55
dorsal root
contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons
56
ventral root
contains the axons of the motor neurons
57
plexuses
main portions of the spinal nerves combine to form complex networks.
58
cervical plexuses
Deep in the neck Contain phrenic nerves (control diaphragm)
59
brachial plexuses
Deep in the shoulders Supply muscles of the arms and hands
60
lumbosacral plexuses
Lumbar region of the back Controls lower extremities
61
analgesia
loss or reduction in the ability to sense pain but no loss of consciousness
62
analgesic
pain relieving drug
63
anesthesia
loss of feeling
64
aphasia
disturbance or loss of the ability to use and understand words
65
apraxia
impairment in the ability to complete tasks
66
ataxia
Partial or complete inability to coordinate voluntary movements
67
cerebral palsy
Partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination due to cerebrum damage
68
coma
unconscious condition
69
cordotomy
surgical procedure that severs a nerve tract in the spinal cord to relieve pain
70
craniotomy
Surgical procedure that opens part of the skull
71
electroencephalogram (EEG)
recording of the brain's electrical activity
72
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain and meninges, produces drowsiness
73
epilepsy
disorder of disturbed brain impulses
74
hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body including limbs
75
huntington's disease
inherited disease which causes dance like movements and personality changes
76
laminectomy
surgical removal of the posterior arch of the vertebrae to relieve a pressing disc
77
monoplegia
paralysis of a single limb
78
multiple sclerosis in the brain
loss of myelin throughout the brain and spinal cord
79
neuralgia
sharp, recurring pain associated with a nerve
80
neuritis
inflammation of the nerve
81
paraplegia
paralysis in both lower limbs
82
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four limbs

nervous system (4 decks)

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