nervous system

Question 1

what are the 3 general anatomical features of the brain

Answer 1

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

Question 2

what provides nutrients and cushion to the CNS

Answer 2

CSF

Question 3

what does the diencephalon consist of and what are the respective components functions

Answer 3

thalamus = relay station for sensory and motor info
hypothalamus = regulates internal environment of the body

Question 4

what does the metencephalon consist of and what are the components respective functions

Answer 4

cerebellum = balance, coordination, fine tuning of mvmt
pons = info flow to and flow cerebrum

Question 5

what does the myelencephalon consist of and what are the components respective functions

Answer 5

medulla oblongata = vital reflexes e.g heart rate, breathing and salivation

Question 6

what does the mesencephalon consist of and what are these regions respective functions

Answer 6

tectum (roof) = visual
tegmentum (floor) = auditory
cerebral peduncles = connect cortex + pons to cerebellum / connect cortex to spinal cord

Question 7

what are the functional divisions of the NS

Answer 7

autonomic NS, somatic NS, enteric NS, sensory NS (afferent > PNS nerve endings to CNS), motor NS (efferent > CNS to PNS effectors), integrative (interneurons that combine sensory and motor info)

Question 8

what are the functional properties of neurons

Answer 8

conductive (generate AP), excitable (respond to stimuli), secretory (neurotransmitters)

Question 9

what is axoplasmic transport and what are the two types of it

Answer 9

it is transport of material b/w the axon terminal and soma. the types are anterograde (towards the terminals) and retrograde (towards the soma)

Question 10

what are the functional and structural classifications of neurons

Answer 10

sensory/afferent (unipolar and pseudounipolar)
motor/efferent and interneurons (multipolar)
special senses (bipolar)

Question 11

what are the different types of glial cells in the CNS/PNS

Answer 11

microglia (CNS)
astrocytes (CNS)
ependymal cells (CNS)
satellite cells (PNS)
schwann cells (PNS)
oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Question 12

describe structure and function of microglia

Answer 12

defence cells, involved in inflammation

Question 13

describe the structure and function of astrocytes

Answer 13

star shaped, provide structural support, comprise BBB, absorb and recycle NT

Question 14

describe the structure and function of satellite cells

Answer 14

astrocyte like, support and protect nerves, control extracellular environment

Question 15

describe the structure and function of ependymal cells

Answer 15

epithelial-like cells, produce CSF, involved in CSF circulation

Question 16

describe the structure and function of oligodendrocytes

Answer 16

produce myelin, wraps processes around axons, (they are not regenerative)

Question 17

describe the structure and function of schwann cells

Answer 17

repair and regenerate damaged nerves, myelin production, conduction of signals

Question 18

what are the components of the BBB

Answer 18

endothelial cells (tight junctions)
pericytes
basement membrane
astrocytes (podocytes)

Question 19

what is the significance of the BBB

Answer 19

protector of the CNS, regulate transport, mediator of communication, selectively permeable membrane

Question 20

What are the components of the membrane that contribute to the membrane potential

Answer 20

Plasma membrane, ions, ion channels, cytosol / extracellular fluid

Question 21

Explain how excitatory neurotransmitters work

Answer 21

Excitatory NT (e.g glutamate) binds to post synaptic receptor
Ligand gated Na+ channels open
Influx of positive ions
Becomes more positive
Closer to threshold
Increases likelihood of AP in post synaptic neuron

Question 22

Explain how inhibitory NT works

Answer 22

Inhibitory NT (e.g GABA) binds to post synaptic receptor
Ligand gated Cl- ion channels open
Influx of negative ions
More negative
Further from threshold
Reduces the likelihood of AP in post synaptic neuron

Question 23

Ionotropic receptors

Answer 23

Open and close in response to NT binding at ligand gated receptors
FASTER

Question 24

Metabotropic NT

Answer 24

G coupled receptors senses ligand binding > activates secondary messengers > activates other effector proteins > cascading signals in cell
SLOWER

Question 25

What are the two major branches of NT

Answer 25

Amino acid Classical Amine

Question 26

What are the types of amino acid NT

Answer 26

Glutamate (+) GABA (-)

Question 27

What are the types of classical amine NT

Answer 27

Norepinephrine (concentration and body temp) Epinephrine (mental alertness, increased cardiac output) Dopamine (euphoria) Serotonin (mood, appetite) Acetylcholine (two types: nicotinic which is ionotropic and muscarinic which is metabotropic)

Question 28

What are the two types of graded potentials

Answer 28

EPSP and IPSP

Question 29

Explain what EPSP is

Answer 29

Local changes (short distance) in the membrane potential of the post synaptic neuron that makes it more likely to fire an AP Can summate > spatial summation and temporal summation

Question 30

Explain what IPSP is

Answer 30

Local changes (short distance) in the membrane potential of the post synaptic neuron which makes it less likely to fire an AP