nervous system

Question 1

what does the nervous system enable animals to do

Answer 1

enables animals to be sensitive to their environment and respond appropriately

Question 2

why do animals need to be sensitive to their environment?

Answer 2

-to find food
-find a mte
-recognise and avoid potential threats like predators

Question 3

how do animals detect changes in their stimuli?

Answer 3

using specific recepters found in sense organs

Question 4

what are stimuli

Answer 4

an environment

Question 5

examples of where receptors are found

Answer 5

retina - light
skin - pressure/touch
proteins such as those which detect glucose or insulin

Question 6

all receptors are what of energy?

Answer 6

transducers

Question 7

what is a transducer of energy

Answer 7

convert one form of energy into another. in the nervous system, information is carried in the form of electrical energy

Question 8

5 sense organ receptors

Answer 8

-vision - retina, eyes
-hearing - ears
-smell - nose
-taste - tongue
-touch and temperature - skin

Question 9

example of effectors

Answer 9

muscle and glands
eg. salivary glands

Question 10

what are effectors

Answer 10

things that brings response to change in the environment

Question 11

what response does the muscle and gland do

Answer 11

muscle - contracts and brings about movement
glands- secretes a hormone and / or chemicals

Question 12

what are nervers

Answer 12

a collection of many long thin nerve cells called neurones. information travels along neurones as electrical impulses

Question 13

what do sensory neurones do

Answer 13

carry impulses from receptors to relay neurones
found in the PNS

Question 14

what do relay neurones do

Answer 14

carry impulses from the sensory neurones to the motor neurones
found in the CNS - central nervous system: Spinal chord and brain

Question 15

what do motor neurones do

Answer 15

carry impulses from relay neurones to an effector (muscle or glands)
found in the PNS

Question 16

function of cell body

Answer 16

where the nucleus and cytoplasm is found

Question 17

function of dendrites

Answer 17

recieve electrical impulses from receptors or other neurones. found at the top of a neurone

Question 18

function of axon

Answer 18

long and thin to transmit electrical impulses

Question 19

funciton of myelin sheath

Answer 19

fatty material that surrounds an axon which speeds up the conduction of electrical impulses

Question 20

function of nerve endings

Answer 20

fine branches of the axon that connects to the dendrites on a neurone or an effector

Question 21

what does the CNS act as in the nervous system

Answer 21

the co ordinator

Question 22

what does the central nervous system contain

Answer 22

relay neurones, the brain and spinal chords

Question 23

what does the PNS - peripheral neverous system conatain

Answer 23

sensory and motor neurones, nerves

Question 24

what is a reflex

Answer 24

a rapid, automatic and protective response to a stimulus, which we have little to no control over these actions

Question 25

examples of reflexes

Answer 25

moving away from a hot object releasing saliva when food enters mouth withdraw hand from sharp object

Question 26

advantage of pupil reflex

Answer 26

pupil constricts when a bright light is shone into the eye won't damage retina where your receptors are

Question 27

advantage of moving your hand when touching something hot

Answer 27

you won't burn / scal your skin

Question 28

what is involved in the reflex action

Answer 28

reflex arc, consisting of sensory, relay and motor neurones

Question 29

reflex pathway in order

Answer 29

1) stimulant 2) receptor 3) sensory neurone 4) relay neurone 5) motor nuerone 6) effector 7) response

Question 30

name two co-ordinators

Answer 30

brain and spinal chords

Question 31

neurone that carries impulses to the central nervous system

Answer 31

sensory neurone

Question 32

neurone which carries impulses away from central nervous system

Answer 32

motor neurone

Question 33

structure that brings about the response

Answer 33

effector

Question 34

what is a synapse

Answer 34

a gap between the nerve endings of one neurone and a dendrite of another.

Question 35

how are electrical impulses carried across neurones?

Answer 35

electrical impulse travels down the first neurone, then chemical neurotransmitters are released and diffuse across the synapse. they bind to the receptors on the membrane of the second neurone. electrical impulse then starts in second neurone

Question 36

advantages of electrical impulses being carried to multiple motor neurones from the relay neurone

Answer 36

allows lots of muscles to contract at the same time.

Question 37

what does a higher level of chemical neurotransmitters released in a synapse mean? and what about the opposite

Answer 37

increased amount of chemical: stronger contractions decreased amount of chemical: weaker contractions / limited movement

Question 38

describe how neurones etc can help to coordinate a reflex action

Answer 38

receptor detects the stimulus then sends electrical impulses to sensory neurones. sensory neurones then synapse with relay neurones in the spinal chord (if it says spinal chord, if it says brain, say brain) which is the coordinator. relay neurones synapse with motor neurones which carries impulses away from the Spinal chord (or brain). effector receives these electrical impulses from motor neutrones and brings about the response

Question 39

why does repeating the test give more valid results than doing the test once

Answer 39

keeps results consistent

Question 40

the brain is the what in the nervous system

Answer 40

main co-ordinator

Question 41

KNOW HOW TO LABEL BRAIN

Answer 41

KNOW HOW TO LABEL BRAIN

Question 42

function of cerebral cortex

Answer 42

controlls intelligence, consciousness, memory and language

Question 43

function of cerebellum

Answer 43

coordinates muscular activity and keeps you balanced

Question 44

function of hypothalamus

Answer 44

regulates body functions like regulating body temperature

Question 45

function of medulla

Answer 45

controlls unconscious activity eg, heart rate

Question 46

function of pituitary glands

Answer 46

produces many hormones, involved in homeostatis

Question 47

why can surgeons perform on someones brain whilst they are concious?

Answer 47

brain has no pain receptors

Question 48

suggest how an fMRI scanner could help to find out more about the brain damage a person has

Answer 48

you can ask the patient to perform different tasks whilst taking the scan to see which part of the brain is active. you can compare it to a person without brain damage and use it with children and those with parkinsons disease.

Question 49

advantages of MRI

Answer 49

it scans soft tissues which X-Rays cannot be used for areas of brain damage, disease or unusual brain activity can be located. results can be used in research