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Bio 225 Test 3 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron Cell

A

functional unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

Cell body

A

cytoplasm, nucleus, other organelles

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

multiple processes that bring impulses to cell body

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4
Q

axon

A

single process that carries impulses away from cell body

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5
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons

A

send impulses from receptors to CNS

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6
Q

Transducer

A

converts sensory signal to an impulse

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7
Q

Efferent (motor) neurons

A

send impulses from CNS (brain and nerve cord) to effectors (muscles, glands, etc)

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8
Q

Interneurons

A

connect afferent and efferent neurons processing

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9
Q

Neuroglial (glial) cells

A

support neurons

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10
Q

ex. oligodendrocyte
ex. astrocyte - store and provide nutrients and ions

A

lay down insulating myelin sheath around axons
store and provide nutrients and ions

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11
Q

Nerve structure

A

bundle of neurons wrapped in connective tissue

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12
Q

ganglia

A

bundles of neuron cell bodies; lie outside the CNS;
some coordination of impulse transmission

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13
Q

axon inside

A

Outside the axon (interstitial fluid)
Inside the axon (cytoplasm)
Outside the axon (interstitial fluid)

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14
Q

Axon Structure

A

a lipid bilayer membrane with imbedded proteins (like other cells)
1) receptor proteins – bind to molecules, allowing cell to respond
(Pump)
pumps – move substances against concentration gradient
channels – allow a flow with concentration gradient
(Pump)
leakage channels – allow a two-way flow; always open
voltage-gated channels – open and close in response to
change in electric charge
chemical or ligand-gated channels – open and close in
response to the binding of a molecule
4) pumps and channels make a cell’s membrane semipermeable

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15
Q

axon and muscle cell membranes

A

only have polarity or are electrostatically charged

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16
Q

the strength of this charge when at rest, the neuron not firing
(i.e. resting potential) is

A

-70 mV

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17
Q

Voltage

A

measures the amount of difference in electrical charge

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18
Q

current

A

flow of electric charges

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19
Q

current of a battery involves a flow of…

A

electrons

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20
Q

current of a neuron involves a pair of…

A

ions

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21
Q

3 forces act on a axon’s membrane to influence ion movement across it

A

passive diffusion of ions
passive electrostatic pressure on ions
active transport (energy used) or pumping of ions against their
concentration gradient

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22
Q

cystol

A

(liquid part of cytoplasm vs organelles);
outside is interstitial fluid (IF) or extracellular fluid

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23
Q

there is 10x more …. outside than inside

A

Na+

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24
Q

Action Potential has 2 phases

A

Depolarization(inside becomes less negative/more positive)
Repolarization(a restoring of the polarity of the RMP)

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25
what triggers it?
mainly neurotransmitter, then binds to protein receptor
26
If depolarization reaches about -55 mV
AP is triggered
27
Repolarization phase
right after voltage-gated Na+ channels open at one spot along the axon, more slowly responding voltage-gated K+ channels open
28
restores polarity (repolarization) of axon at this spot
K+ leaving interior
29
speed of action pontential
speed about 1m/sec (2.5 mph)
30
Node of Ranvier
unmyelinated section of axon, packed with Na+ channels
31
Multiple Sclerosis
myelin sheath of axons is destroyed
32
cause of multiple sclerosis
sodium-potassium pumps are not present where sheath was present action potential cannot be propagated because it will not jump across areas without pumps when no sheath is present many different areas of the body can be attacked; symptoms and severity therefore vary
33
a gap between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle or organ
synapses
34
Components of Synapses
presynaptic neuron - carries impulses to synapse postsynaptic neuron - carries impulses away from synapse synapse or synaptic cleft-between the two
35
Functioning of Synapses
ends of presyn neurons have vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecule AP arriving at presyn knob triggers opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels ACh diffuses across the synapse and binds to receptors on chemical-gated or ligand-gated ion channels of postyn knob In case of a muscle, a muscle contraction is triggered
36
Vertebrates mammals
reflex arc impulse travels from sensory nerve to motor nerve via spinal cord (often interneurons) to an effector, bypassing brain
37
Brain
Hindbrain, Medulla(heart rate, breathing, blood vessel diameter)
38
Cerebellum
equilibrium, posture, movement
39
pons
communication within cerebellum, between it and cerebellum
40
midbrain
relay visual and sound stimuli to cerebrum
41
Forebrain
thalamus analyze and relay sensory info to cerebrum; also awareness, acquiring knowledge
42
Hypothalamus
homeostatic control of hunger, thirst, and body temperature; also emotions, circadian rhythm
43
Cerebrum
Higher mental activities
44
Peripheral Nervous System
Outside brain and nerve cord
45
Efferent Division
Commands to muscle, glands
46
Somatic nervous system
innervates skeletal muscles (voluntary responses)
47
Autonomic Nervous system
innervates smooth muscle associated with organs, blood vessels
48
parasympathetic system
controls resting responses
49
sympathetic system
controls physical activites (fight or flight)
50
afferent division
info from sensory receptions
51
Sense Organs
Chemoreceptors
52
Olfaction
nasal cavity epithelium, mucous covered lined with olfactory receptor neurons with cilia at the end. Combo of 1000 different olfactory receptor, producecs 20,000 odors
52
Mechanoreceptors
light touch(just under epidermis, and around roots of hairs)
53
Pain receptor temp
below 10 degrees celsius(50 F) and 48 celsius (118 F)
54
Human Ear
pinna (auricle), auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlea, cochlear nerve
55
Loudness =
numbers of hair stimulated
56
loss of hair =
hair detioration
57
saccule and utricle
static balance as stony particles, stimulate hairs they rest on
58
semicircular canals
rotational acceleration as fluid movement as fluid movement in three canals stimulates hair as body moves
59
retina
light sensitive rear wall eye
60
rods
majority 125 million of photoreceptors, colorless vision in dim light, concentrated at retina's periphery
61
Cones
fewer 1 million and provide color vision in stronger light
62
Blind spot
lack of receptors at optic nerve

Bio 225 Test 3 (6 decks)

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