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nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the CNS and what does it do

A

it stands for the central nervous system

it organizes, cortanates, and sends messages it acts like a mailman

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2
Q

what parts are in the CNS

A

the spinal cord and the neurons in the brain

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3
Q

what does voluntary stand for

A

its things that we can choose to move and do

ex skeletal muscles we can choose to move it

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4
Q

what is somatic

A

-its voluntary and its in the pns

-brings info about ouside enviorment contitions the CNS then sends info into the skeletel muscles

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5
Q

what is autonomic

A
  • it is involuntary (controls things like smooth muscles and cardiac muscles)
  • controls both parasympathitic ( calm rest digest response) and also controls sympathetic (fight and flight)
  • sends info about bodys internal things to CNS and carries the signal back
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6
Q

what does invoulontary stand for

A

its things you cannot control

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7
Q

what does the neuron do

A

nervous/nerve cell that conducts impulses and sends communication

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8
Q

what does the dendrite do

A

recieves information and sends off impulse towards the cell body

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9
Q

what is the cell body

A

contains the nucleus

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10
Q

what is the axon

A

its an extebsion of the cytoplasm and conducts a impulse away from cell body

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11
Q

what are the end plates

A

termination point where impulses are passed on

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12
Q

what does the glial cells / neurogial cells do

A

they’re non-conducting cells that are important for structural support and motabolism in nerve cells

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13
Q

what do the schwann cells do

A
  • they form myelin fatty protiens
  • the spaces between the cells are called nodes of ranvier
    -prevent the loss of ions in the neuron
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14
Q

what hapens then the width of the axon increases

A

it also increases the impulses

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15
Q

what happens when schwann cells are present

A

theres faster impulses

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16
Q

what does the neurilemma do

A

it helps repair damaged axons

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17
Q

what do schwann cells make

A

neurliemma
mylin cells

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18
Q

what part of the nervous system are schwann cells located

A

ONLY in the pns

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19
Q

where are the nodes of raniver

A

their the gaps between and schwann cells and the mylin that the cells produce

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20
Q

what does mylin do

A

mylin helps increase the impulse

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21
Q

what direction does the impulse flow from

A

dentrite
cell body
axon
end plate

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22
Q

what does the sensory neuron (afferent) do

A

stimuli (information) is accepted by sensory receptors is accepted by the external enviorment which is in cns

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23
Q

what does the interneurons (association) do

A

-it links neurons its only in the cns but the spinal cord reacts fist to react to external factors

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24
Q

what does the motor neuron (efferent) do

A
  • it relays information to an effector (muscles) to act and move and respond
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25
what is the reflex pathway
stimulas - is information sensory receptor - identifies info and sends it to spinal cord interneuron- is at the spinal cord and it sends message to moter neuron moter neuron-spinal cords message is recieved and moter tells muscles to move muscles - the muscels move and react
26
what is the pateller refex test
it's used to hit under knee and then the knee will jerck up as a response
27
what is the pupillary refex test
its a light thats shined on the eye and the pupils will constrict
28
what is unstimulated
at rest / resting potential happens when voltage diff doesn’t transcend to an impulse
29
what does stimulated mean
when the neuron isn’t at rest and is active (action potential) the voltage diff is big enough to start impulse
30
resting potential/ action potential other than stimulated / unstable what words can be used to describe them
action potential = polarization resting potential = depolarization
31
what happens at resting potential (polorization) w neuron transmittion
at resting potential theres sodium ions on the outside of the axon and there's k+ on the inside of the axon and the axon is overall more negative in comparison to the ourside - the axon is around -70mv
32
what happens in action potential (depolorization) in neuron transmittion
the sodium goes into the axon from being affected by a stimulis and axon gets positive to +40 -creates impulse
33
what is hyperpolerization
its when to much potassium goes out and don't close their chanells very fast from the axon making it really negative around -90mv
34
what is the refractory stage
refractory is when the cells repairs itself to get back to normal to sodium on outside and posassium on the inside and moves everything to right place w a siduim- potassium pump
35
what is repolerization
-when the k+ flow out from axon ( potassium channels open ) - creates impulse - -70mv
36
what is the all or nothing responce
-neurons will either fully fire or not fire at all its all dependent if they meet the action potential which goes from dentrite to end plates - when more intensitiy from a stimulas it wont make a increased response
37
when theres more pain what can that symbolize
that more neurons are firering as the brain can choose how much to fire
38
what is a synaptic transmition
communications inside neuron with action potentials
39
what are the open areas between two neuons
synapse or synapic cleft
40
what are all the components in a synapse
presynaptic synaptic ventricles neurotranspitters receptors postsynaptic
41
what is the presynaptic
neuron carries impulse toward the next neuron and releases neurontransmitters
42
what is synaptic ventricle
holds the ventricles within the presynaptic neuron part
43
what are neurontransmitters
chemical messengers that diffuse from presynaptic to post and when their present then it can tell muscles to flex (exite muscles) or inhibit them
44
where are receptors
their in postsynaptic neuron
45
what is postsynapses
its the neuron that casrries the impulse away from the synapse (space) to another neuron
46
what is an exitatory neurotransmitter
when theres enough bond receptors na+ channels open that causes action potential which causes action potential (depolerization
47
what is a inhibitory neurotransmitter
it causes the cell membrane to be more negativley charged and it opens channels up to negative things so theres not enough action potential to have muscles be excited -(adds on more negative so the # needed to reach action potential cant happen)
48
what is acetylccholine (neurotransmitter)
it sectreates at places like CNS and PNS and it effects skeletal muscles being able to contract if it was always present then the muscles would be in a constant state of depolerization and neuron would continue to be exitetory
49
whats the purpose of the enzyme cholinesterase
it breaks down the acetylcholine after its released so the muscles arent constantly depolerized (electrically activated and ready to contract)
50
what is noroepinephine (neurotransmitter)
-can either be excitatory or inhibitory -secreates at either ons or cns - causes awakness, alertness and can increase rate of reflexes
51
whar is serotoin (neurotransmitter)
-its releaseed when were settling down for bed and secreates at cns -inhibits nerves - major affect is sleep
52
what is dopamine (neurotransmitter)
-excitatory -released when brain is expecting a reward -secreats at either pns or cns -helps make us feel happy and can also be releasted w addictions
53
what is GABA (neurotransmitter)
-inhibitory and secreates at the cns -affects moter behavior -its our protection system to ignore irrelevent smells for our survival
54
what are ways neurotransmitters can be removed
by slowly diffusing awat from synapase being removed via enzyme being reuptaked and being taken t presynaptic to be reused
55
what does the grey matter control
the interneuron (conducts reflex)
56
what does white matter control
sensory / moter neuron
57
what are the 3 productive layers in brain called
meninges
58
what are the three meninges
dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter
59
what does the dura matter do
-is the furtherest out -very rough
60
what/where is the arachnoid
-its the 2nd layer in brain -allows for the cerbrostial fluid to make circulation to take places
61
where/what is the pia matter
its the most innner thinest layer of the brain
62
what is the surface of the cerebrum also reffered to as
the cerebral cortex (grey matter)
63
what does the frontal lobe do
it controls behavior, decision making, controls movment, personality
64
what does the temporal lobe do
by the ears and helps with hearing and smell and helps memory and interpretations
65
what does the parietal lobe do
its at the top of the brain and it interprets how we feel with tempature, pain, touch
66
what does the occupational lobe do
-its at the very back of the brain - it interprates vision
67
where is the cerebrum (cerebal cortex)
its all of the brian but the cerebellum and brainstem which goes to the spinal cord
68
what does the cerebrum (cerebal cortex) control
it controls imagination, reasoning, artesty
69
what side of the brain does the left side of the brain control
the right side of the body
70
side of the brian does the right side of the brain control
the left side of the body
71
what does the corpus callosum do
it communicates between the two sides of the brain and connects them
72
what does the thalamus do
coodinates and interprets sensory information and coordenates things like a manager
73
what does the hypothalumus do
coordinates hormone function and comunication
74
what does the olfacorty bulb do
its processes smell
75
what does the midbrain do
it acts to relay eye and nose reflexes
76
what does the cerebellum do
it helps conrol movment and and coordination (used for survival)
77
what does the medulla oplengada do
controls invouluntary things like breathing and heart rate
78
what do prons do
they relay things between medulla ans cerebellum and helps medulla do things

bio 30 (5 decks)

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