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animal physiology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are 4 types of primary tissues

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • neural
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2
Q

what is epithelial tissues role

A

covers the surface of body, lines body cavities + form glands

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3
Q

what is connective tissue role

A

supports, binds + protects other tissues / organs, also includes blood constituents

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4
Q

what is the role of muscle

A

contraction

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5
Q

what is the role of neural tissue

A

transmits electrical + chemical signals to coordinate body functions + responses

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6
Q

what is the central nervous system responsible for

A

integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data + motor commands

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7
Q

what are the 2 components of the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

all neural tissue outside the CNS which delivers sensory info to CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissue and organs

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9
Q

what are the constituents of the PNS system

A
  • autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
  • sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
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10
Q

which nervous system is most active during times of stress

A

sympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

which nervous system is most active during periods of rest

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

What nerves are more involved with parasympathetic

A
  • cranial nerve
  • sacral nerve and spinal cord
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What parts of the spinal cord are related to sympathetic

A
  • Thoracic
  • lumbar
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15
Q

What are the basic functional units of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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16
Q

What are the 4 components of a basic neuron and their roles

A
  • dendrites - stimulated by environmental changes or other cell activity
  • cell body - contains nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes + other organelles
  • axon - conducts nerve impulses towards terminals
  • synaptic terminals - affect another organ / effector
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17
Q

What are 2 types of sensory neurones

A

Pseudounipolar and bipolar

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18
Q

What are 2 types of interneurons of CNS

A

Anaxonic and multipolar

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

What is a type of efferent neurone

A

Multipolar

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21
Q

What type of neuron is predominately observed in invertebrates

A

Unipolar

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22
Q

What is the synapse

A

Specialised site where the neuron communicate with another cell from presynaptic cell to the post synaptic cell

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23
Q

How are synaptic vesicles moved to the synaptic terminal

A
  • axoplasmic transport
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24
Q

What are 3 types of synapses

A
  • synapses with another neuron
  • neuromuscular junctions (contraction)
  • neuro glandular synapses (hormone)
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25
26
What are ependymal cells
- line the central canal of the spinal cord + brain ventricles - help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid
27
What are oligodendrocytes
- they myelinate axons from the CNS and provide structural support
28
What are astrocytes
- they maintain the blood brain barrier - provide structural support - regulate ions + nutrients - recycle neurotransmitters - form scar tissue after injury
29
What are microglia
- they removed cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytes
30
What are satellite cells
- surround cell bodies of neurons - regulates O2 + CO2, nutrients + neurotransmitter levels
31
What are Schwann cells
- surround all axons in the PNS - responsible for myelination of peripheral axons - participate in repair process after injury
32
What are the 3 roles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- delivery of nutrients - waste clearance - hydromechanical protection
33
What is the blood brain barrier
- protective barrier that separated the brain's interstitial fluid from blood - isolates body's main control centre from potentially harmful substances in the blood + pathogens
34
Does the enteric (intestines) nervous system act independently from the central nervous system
Yes - it can control gastrointestinal function independently
35
What is the enteric nervous system composed of
- 2 major ganglionated plexuses = myenteric + submucosal plexuses - Which forms a network of neurons + glial cells
36
Can nerves regenerate
Yes
37
Describe Wallerian degeneration
- cytoskeletal rupture, axonal membrane breakdown + myelin degradation occur at the site injury - Schwann cells proliferate, migrate, produce trophic factors + phagocytose debris - Schwann cells align to form Bungner bands
38
What does the resting membrane potential result from
The concentration gradient of ions (Na+ and K+)
39
what keeps a steady gradient in membrane potentials
Na+/K+ pump
40
What is depolarisation of membrane potential
Decrease in potential, membrane is less negative
41
What is repolarisation of membrane potentials
Return to resting membrane potential after depolarisation
42
What is hyper polarisation in membrane potentials
Membrane is more negative that it is at resting potential
43
What are 3 types of gated ion channels
- chemically gated channels - voltage gated channels - mechanically gated channels
44
Where are chemically gated channels most abundant
In dendrites + cell body of a neuron
45
Where are voltage gated channels present
Present in axons, where action potentials can take place
46
What are mechanically gated channels important in
Important in sensory receptors that respond to touch, pressure or vibration
47
What 2 types of changes in membrane potential do neurons use to communicate
- graded potential - action potential
48
When does an action potential take place
When a graded potential causes the membrane to reach the threshold level of depolarisation
49
What is a graded potential
A change in the membrane potential that can have several values and that does not travel far from the area of stimulation because it decreases as it goes
50
Where do graded potentials occur
Occur in the dendrites and cel body of the neuron
51
Why does the degree of depolarisation lessen with distance in a graded potential
- the cytosol offers considerable resistance to ion movement - some sodium ions entering the cell move back out across the membrane through sodium leak channels
52
What is excitatory postsynaptic potential
Opening Na+ channels result in a graded depolarisation
53
What is inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Openign K+ channels result in a graded hyper polarisation
54
What is subthreshold graded potentials
- a graded potential starts above threshold at its initial point decreases in strength as it travels through the cell body - At the trigger zone it is below threshold + hence cannot initiate an action potential
55
What is a supra threshold graded potential
a stimulus on the cell body creates a graded potential that is still above threshold by the time it reaches the trigger zone + an action potential is generated
56
What is temporal summation
Repeated stimulation of one presynaptic terminal
57
What are the 4 types of neural circuits
- divergence - convergence - parallel after-discharge - reverberation
58
What is a divergence neural circuit
1 neuron sends information to several neurons
59
What is a convergence neural circuit
Many neurons influence a single neuron
60
what is a parallel after-discharge neural circuit
The signal diverges into multiple parallel pathways and then converges onto a single neuron
61
What is a reverberation neural circuit
Signal creates a self-sustaining loop of neural activity
62
What is spatial summation
Simultaneous stimulation of many presynaptic terminals
63
What is the refractory period
After an action potential when the membrane is not as excitable
64
What is the absolute refractory period
Represents the time required for the Na+ channel gates to reset to their resting positions, during this time an action potential can't be generated
65
What is the relative refractory period
- it follows the absolute refractory period - During this time a second action potential can be generated but only if a stronger stimulus is used
66
What are the 2 ways action potentials can travel in: - unmyelinated axons - myelinated axons
Unmyelinated axons = continuous propagation Myelinated axons = saltatory propagation
67
What are the 4 steps in continuous propagation
- an action potential develops in area 1

animal physiology (4 decks)

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