Nervous System

Question 1

Neurons

Answer 1

• function unit of the nervous system
• conducts impulses

Question 2

Glial Cells

Answer 2

• support and protect neurons

Question 3

Nerve impulse

Answer 3

movement of ions across and along neuron (electrical signal)

Question 4

Neuron Structure

Answer 4

Dendrites, Cell body, axon, axon terminal (telodendria), synaptic knobs, myelin sheath

Question 5

Synapse

Answer 5

connection that allows transmission of electrical signal from one neuron to the next

Question 6

Transmission Path

Answer 6

Dendrites -> Cell body -> Axon -> Axon Terminals -> Synaptic Knobs -> Neuron or effector

Question 7

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 7

• brain
• spinal cord
• Nuclei (collection of neuron cell bodies)
  *Derived from neural tube

Question 8

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 8

• all nerves outside of CNS
• Ganglia (collection of neuron cell bodies)
  * Derived from neural crest cells

Question 9

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

Answer 9

transmit nerve impulses TO CNS from receptors in response to stimulus

Question 10

Motor (efferent) Neurons

Answer 10

Transmit nerve impulses FROM CNS to muscles or glands

Question 11

Interneurons

Answer 11

Transmit and receive impulses to and from other neurons WITHIN CNS

Question 12

Somatic Sensory

Answer 12

Message (impulse) travels from somatic receptor to CNS (receives sensory info from fascia, skin, joints aka BODY WALL)

Question 13

Somatic Motor

Answer 13

Message (impulse) travels from CNS to somatic effector (voluntary: skeletal muscle)

Question 14

Visceral Sensory

Answer 14

Message travels from visceral receptor to CNS (body cavities)

Question 15

Visceral Motor (Autonomic)

Answer 15

Message travels from CNS to visceral effector (involuntary nervous system: cardiac muscle)

Question 16

Prosencephalon: Forebrain

Answer 16

Secondary: Telencephalon (cerebrum)
Diencephalon (Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus)

Question 17

Mesencephalon: Midbrain

Answer 17

Secondary: Mesencephalon

Question 18

Rhombencephalon: Hindbrain

Answer 18

Secondary: Metencephalon (Pons (mammals only), cerebellum)
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

Question 19

Hindbrain- Medulla Oblongata Function

Answer 19

• major route for pathways to and from other brain parts
• regulates visceral reflexes (involuntary)
• origin of many cranial nerves

Question 20

Hindbrain- Cerebellum Function

Answer 20

• modifies and monitors motor function (maintains positional equilibrium and motor coordination)

Question 21

Midbrain- Tectum Function

Answer 21

• dorsal part of midbrain
• sensory component of the midbrain (receives visual, auditory, and balance sensory info)

Question 22

Midbrain- Tegmentum Function

Answer 22

• ventral part of midbrain
• motor component of the midbrain
• origin of some cranial nerves

Question 23

Forebrain- Diencephalon Function

Answer 23

Thalamus: Main relay station for sensory info
Epithalamus: Includes pineal gland (circadian rhythm)
Hypothalamus: Stimulates the pituitary gland to regulate the body via hormones

Question 24

Forebrain- Cerebrum Function

Answer 24

• olfaction
• higher processing and integration of information

Question 25

Telencephalon Ventricular Structures

Answer 25

Lateral Ventricles (LVs)

Question 26

Diencephalon Ventricular Structures

Answer 26

Third Ventricle (3rd)

Question 27

Mesencephalon Ventricular Structures

Answer 27

Cerebral aqueduct (CA)

Question 28

Rhombencephalon Ventricular Structures

Answer 28

Fourth ventricle (4th)

Question 29

Cerebrospinal Fluid Functions

Answer 29

Buoyancy, protection, chemical stability (filtration)

Question 30

CNS Meninges

Answer 30

Meninges: connective tissue wrappings around brain and spinal cord Fish: 1 layer (primitive) Non-mammal tetrapods: 2 layers (dura mater, secondary meninx) Mammals: 3 layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) * more layers, better circulation of CSF

Question 31

Gray matter

Answer 31

- contains motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies

Question 32

White Matter

Answer 32

contains axons

Question 33

Reflex Arc: PNS

Answer 33

Stimulus-> Sensory nerve (ventral or dorsal ramus) -> Ventral root -> Spinal nerve -> Motor nerve (ventral or dorsal ramus) -> effector

Question 34

Spinal Nerves: Lamprey

Answer 34

Dorsal nerve: SS, VS, VM Ventral nerve: SM No spinal nerves

Question 35

Spinal Nerves: Fish, Amphibians

Answer 35

Dorsal root: SS, VS, VM Ventral root: SM, VM Spinal nerves present

Question 36

Spinal Nerves: Amniotes

Answer 36

Dorsal root: SS, VS Ventral root: SM, VM Spinal nerves present

Question 37

Nerve Plexus

Answer 37

Network of VENTRAL rami of spinal nerves

Question 38

CN O (T)

Answer 38

Terminal Function: Sex pheromone reception

Question 39

CN I

Answer 39

Olfactory Function: Smell

Question 40

CN II

Answer 40

Optic Function: Vision

Question 41

CN III

Answer 41

Oculomotor Function: Extrinsic eye mm

Question 42

CN IV

Answer 42

Trochlear Function: Extrinsic eye m. (1)

Question 43

CN V

Answer 43

Trigeminal Function: Arch I (sensory and motor)

Question 44

CN VI

Answer 44

Abducens Function: Extrinsic eye m. (1)

Question 45

CN VII

Answer 45

Facial Arch 2 (sensory and motor), taste

Question 46

CN VIII

Answer 46

Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) Function: Balance and hearing

Question 47

CN IX

Answer 47

Vagus Arches 4-7 (sensory and motor), heart (lungs), anterior digestive tract

Question 48

CN XI

Answer 48

Spinal accessory Function: cucullaris derivatives

Question 49

CN XII

Answer 49

Hypoglossal Function: Tongue

Question 50

Parasympathetic Division

Answer 50

- Rest and digest - Preganglionic neuron cell body: Craniosacral - Preganglionic axon: Long - Postganglionic cell body: close to or within wall of effector - Postganglionic axon: Short

Question 51

Sympathetic Division

Answer 51

- Fight or flight - Preganglionic neuron cell body: Thoracolumbar - Preganglionic axon: Short - Postganglionic cell body: Near vertebral column - Postganglionic axon: Long