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Animal A&P1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The bodies 2 communication and control systems

A

Nervous and endocrine system

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

The nervous system’s chemical messengers, produced by neurons

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3
Q

Nuerons

A

Nerve cells

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4
Q

Synapses

A

Short spaces between nerve cells, neurotransmitters travel here

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5
Q

Hormones

A

The chemical messengers of the endocrine system, secrete directly into the bloodstream where they travel long distances to reach their targets

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6
Q

Two main divisions of the nervous system

A

Central and peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

The central nervous system

A

Composed of the brain and the spinal cord

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8
Q

The peripheral nervous system

A

Consists of cordlike nerves that link the CNS with the rest of the body

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9
Q

The nervous systems activities

A

Sensory function, integrating function, and motor function

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10
Q

Neuroglia or glial cells

A

Structurally and functionally support and protect neurons

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11
Q

Soma or perikaryon

A

Central body of the neuron

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12
Q

Two different types of processes from the cell body of a neuron

A

Dendrites and axons

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

One type of process present of the soma of a neuron, receive stimuli from other neurons and conduct this stimulation to the cell body

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14
Q

Afferent processes

A

Conduct impulses toward the cell body, dendrites are referred to them

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15
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Receive, or sense, stimuli such as heat, cold, touch, pressure, stretch, or other physical changes from inside or outside the body. Dendrites may be modified into these

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16
Q

Axon

A

Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or an effector cell

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17
Q

Effector cell

A

A cell that does something when stimulated, such as a muscle or gland cell

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18
Q

Efferent processes

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body, axons are referred to this

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19
Q

Nerve fibers

A

Another term for axon

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20
Q

Myelin

A

A sheath of a fatty substance, often covering axons

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21
Q

White matter

A

Nervous tissue containing many myelinated axons

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22
Q

Gray matter

A

Nervous tissue that is made up largely of neuron cell bodies appears darker

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23
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Made up of the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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24
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Specialized glial cells in the brain and spinal cord

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25
Schwann cells
Specialized glial cells in the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
26
Nodes of Ranvier
Small gaps in the myelin sheath, located between adjacent glial cells
27
Cranial nerves
Few nerves of the PNS that originate directly from the brain
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Spinal nerves
PNS nerves that emerge from the spinal cord, most PNS nerves
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Afferent never fibers
Conduct nerve impulses toward the CNS
30
Efferent nerve fibers
Conduct nerve impulses away from the CNS
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Sensory nerve fibers
Often referred to as afferent nerve fibers because they conduct sensations from the sensory receptors in the skin and other locations in the body towards the CNS
32
Motor nerve fibers
Often referred to as efferent nerve fibers because they cause skeletal muscle contraction and movement
33
Mixed nerves
Nerves that contain both motor and sensory nerve fibers, most nerves of the PNS
34
Somatic nervous system function
Conscious, or voluntary, control of skeletal muscles
35
Somatic sensory functions
Impulses being sent to the CNS from receptors in the muscles, skin, eyes or ears. Consciously perceived by the brain
36
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that controls and coordinates automatic functions such as blood pressure regulation or contracting intestines
37
Resting state
When a neuron is not being stimulated but it is still working to maintain this state
38
Sodium-potassium pump
Specialized molecules located in the neuron’s cell membrane pump sodium ions from the inside of the neuron to the outside and pump potassium ions from the outside to the inside
39
Resting membrane potential
The distribution of positive and negative charges from sodium, potassium, proteins, and other charged ions on either side of the neuronal membrane creates a difference in electrical charge across the membrane, with the inside of the neuron being more negatively charged than the outside
40
Depolarization or action potential
When the resting membrane potential of a neuron changes from negative to positive
41
Repolarization
Change of a cell's charge back toward the net negative resting membrane potential
42
Threshold
When a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization
43
Threshold stimulus
A stimulus of sufficient intensity to generate a nerve impulse
44
Wave of depolarization
Caused by initial stimulus and opens sodium channels to travel along the cell membrane of the entire neuron
45
Refractory period
A very brief period, during and after a neuron has generated a nerve impulse, it cannot generate another impulse
46
Absolute refractory period
The period of sodium influx and early potassium outflow is a part of the refractory period during which no stimulus, no matter how strong, can cause the cell to depolarize again, cell absolutely cannot respond
47
Relative refractory period
The cell is still refractory to stimuli of normal intensity but may respond to very strong stimuli
48
Saltatory conduction
Rapid means of conducting an action potential
49
Synaptic transmission
Continuation of the nerve impulse from one neuron to the next cell
50
Synaptic cleft
Physical gap between the two cells in the synapse
51
Synapse
The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell
52
Presynaptic neuron
The neuron bringing the nerve impulse to the synapse and releasing the chemical to stimulate the next cell
53
Neurotransmitter
The chemical released by the presynaptic neuron
54
Postsynaptic neurons
The neuron that contains the receptors that receive the neurotransmitter
55
Telodendron
A branched structure located at the end of the axon of the presynaptic neuron
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Terminal bouton, synaptic end bulb, or synaptic knob
Slightly enlarged bulb located at the end of each branch of the telodendron
57
Receptors
Specialized proteins located on the postsynaptic membrane
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Two categories of neurotransmitters
Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
59
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Excitatory effect on the postsynaptic membrane when they combine with their specific receptors
60
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Tend to hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane, making the inside of the cell more negative instead of positive and moving the charge within the postsynaptic cell farther away from threshold
61
Acetylcholine
One of the most commonly studied neurotransmitters in the body, can either be excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter depending on location in the body
62
Parasympathetic
Relating to the part of the automatic nervous system that counterbalances the action of the sympathetic nerves. It consists of nerves arising from the brain and the lower end of the spinal cord and supplying the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands
63
Neurotransmitters that belong to the group catecholamines
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine
64
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter associated with arousal and fight-or-flight reactions of the sympathetic nervous system
65
Epinephrine
Neurotransmitter that is released primarily from the adrenal medulla and therefore plays more of a role as a hormone in fight-or-flight reactions of the sympathetic nervous system
66
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter that is found in the brain, where it is involved with autonomic functions and muscle control
67
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain
68
Glycine
Inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the spinal cord
69
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Acetylcholinesterase
An enzyme found on the postsynaptic membrane
71
4 sections of the brain
The cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem
72
Cerebellum
Coordinates motor control, second largest component of the brain
73
Cerebrum
Contain the centers of higher learning and intelligence, made up of gray matter, largest component of the brain
74
Cerebral cortex
Outermost superficial layer of the brain
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Corpus collosum
A set of fibers that connects the two halves of the cerebral cortex
76
Gyri
Folds that create a wrinkled appearance covering the surface of the cerebrum, serve to increase the area of cerebral cortex, therefore making more room for gray matter
77
Fissures
Deep grooves that separate gyri
78
Sulci
Shallow grooves that separate gyri
79
Longitudinal fissure
Most prominent groove on the surface of the cerebrum, divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres
80
Lobes of the brain
Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
81
Hypermetria
A condition in which voluntary movements become jerky and exaggerated, resulted by damage or disease involving the cerebellum
82
Cerebellar hypoplasia
A condition of having a too small/underdeveloped cerebellum
83
Diencephalon
Not as physically defined as the cerebrum and cerebellum, serves as a nervous system passageway between the primitive brainstem and the cerebrum
84
Three major structures associated with the diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and the pituitary
85
Thalamus
Acts as a relay station for regulating sensory inputs to the cerebrum
86
Hypothalamus
Interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system
87
Pituitary
The endocrine "master gland" that regulates production and release of hormones throughout the body
88

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