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A&P1 Final Exam > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

consists of the brain and the spinal cord; located in the dorsal body cavity surrounded by meninges

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

consists of the all neural structures outside the CNS including the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory receptors

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3
Q

Nervous System composed many of

A

Nervous tissue, also contains connective tissue and blood vessels

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4
Q

Two cells that make up nervous tissue

A

Neurons and Supporting Cells (neuroglia)

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5
Q

Neurons (nerve cells) are

A

conducting cells because they generate electrical signals

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6
Q

Supporting cells (neuroglia) are

A

non-conducting cells because they do not typically generate electrical signals

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7
Q

Three parts of neuron

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon

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8
Q

AMITOTIC means

A

cells without mitosis

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9
Q

Name for cell body’s well developed rough ER

A

Nissl Body or Chromatophilic substance

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10
Q

Two structors IN cell body of neuron

A

prominent nucleoli and well developed rough ER

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in

A

the cell body

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12
Q

Cell body hence referred to as

A

BIOSYNTHETIC region because its where the neurotransmitter gets synthesized

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13
Q

Dendrite/s are

A

Tapering processes that act as the “RECEPTIVE regions” of a neuron

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14
Q

What do dendrite/s do

A

Receive and convey electrical signals toward the cell body

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15
Q

Axon is

A

A single process extending from the cell body – each neuron can have only one axon; uniform diameter; unmyelinated or myelinated

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16
Q

Axon, what it does and the region its referred as

A

Generates and transmits action potentials AWAY from the cell body hence, known as the “CONDUCTING region”

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17
Q

What are the axon terminals

A

Branches at the end into telodendria which end in bulbous ends called axon terminals (=synaptic knobs=boutons)

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18
Q

Axon terminal, what it does and the region its referred as

A

store and release neurotransmitter hence the axon terminals are referred to as the “secretory region” of a neuron

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19
Q

3 Structural Classification of neurons

A

based on the number of processes extending from the cell body of the neuron

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20
Q

3 levels off CNS small to large

A

1 receptor level, 2 circuit level, and 3 perceptual level

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21
Q

PNS 2 divisons

A

sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division

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22
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

somatic and visceral nerve fibers
purpose: conducts impulses from receptors to CNS

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23
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

motor nerve fibers
purpose: conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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24
Q

2 divisions of motor (efferent) division

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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25
Somatic nervous system
somatic motor (voluntary) purpose: conducts impulses from the CNS to Skeletal muscle
26
Autonomic nervous system
visceral motor (involuntary) purpose: conducts imposes from CNS to smooth and cardiac muscle plus glands
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2 divisions of Autonomic nervous system
sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
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Sympathetic division
Mobilizes body systems during activity (fight or flight)
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Parasympathetic division
conserves energy, promotes housekeeping functions during rest
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Multipolar neuron structural classification
at least 3 processes – one axon and at least 2 dendrites; most abundant neuron in the human body
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Bipolar neuron structural classification
2 processes – one axon and one dendrite
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Pseudounipolar neuron structural classification
one short process extending from the cell body that bifurcates into a central process and a peripheral process
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Two processes on neuron
Dendrites and Axon
34
What do axon terminals form with dendrites
Junctions
35
t/f a neuron will always have one axon
true
36
3 Functional Classification of neurons
Sensory or Afferent neuron, Association neurons or interneurons, and Motor or Efferent neuron
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Sensory or Afferent neuron
transmits impulses from sensory receptors TOWARD the CNS
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Association neurons or interneurons
located in the CNS between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons Most of the neurons (99%) in the body are association neurons
39
Motor or Efferent neuron
transmits impulses AWAY from the CNS to effector organs = glands, organs
40
Nucleus
a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
41
Ganglion
a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
42
Tract
a bundle of axons in the CNS
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Nerve
a bundle of axons in the PNS
44
nucleus and tract are in
CNS
45
ganglion and nerve are in
PNS
46
nerve fiber refers to
a very long axon found in both PNS and CNS
47
membrane around axon
endoneurium, made out of delicate connective tissue, outermost covering
48
group of axons are called what and covered by what
a fascicle and covered by perineurium membrane, course connective tissue
49
bunch of fascicles, what covers them and what they form
covered by epineurium which is tough connective tissue, they create the tract an/or nerve
50
6 Types of Supporting cells (Neuroglia), which in CNS and PNS
CNS Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes PNS Schwann cells Satellite cells
51
Astrocytes
Most abundant Numerous extensions that wrap around neurons Involved in forming the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, a selective barrier that regulate the chemicals environment of the brain Regulate brain function
52
Microglia
Since the specific immune system does not have access to the CNS; the microglia are phagocytes to engulf/destroy pathogens and cell debris Worse than microphages
53
Ependymal cells
Ciliated columnar cells that line the ventricles – cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Currents created by beating of cilia circulate the CSF
54
Oligodendrocytes
Their extensions myelinate axons of neurons in the CNS One cell can myelinated multiple axons Has myelin sheath but no NEURILEMMA
55
Schwann cells
Myelinate axons of neurons in the PNS One cell only wraps around segment of axon Has myelin sheath (the concentric rings that wrap around axon) and NEURILEMMA (cytoplasm and the nucleus of the Schwann cell which is squeeze outside of myelin sheath)
56
Satellite cells
Surround cell bodies of neurons to control their chemical environment
57
phagocyte
a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles
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BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
A selective barrier that regulate the chemicals environment of the brain
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microphages
Type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells
60
NEURILEMMA
cytoplasm and the nucleus of the Schwann cell squeezed outside the myelin sheath
61
Why don't Oligodendrocytes have a NEURILEMMA
axons in the CNS are myelinated by extensions from the oligodendrocytes hence, neurilemma is absent
62
3 functions of myelin sheet
protection from trauma, Electrical insulation - to prevent interference from neighboring axons in a nerve or tract (rings are made of lipid bilayers which are poor conductor of electricity), Increase in the rate of impulse transmission- using saltatory conduction occurring only at the nodes of Ranvier
63
saltatory conduction
a method of electrical signal transmission in myelinated axons where action potentials "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next
64
Severed axons can regenerate in the CNS or PNS
PNS
65
Why can severed axons can regenerate in the PNS
When the axon is severed in the PNS, cells of the immune system clean up the damaged area of cell debris, a process known as debridement, which sets the stage for regeneration, macrophages are big helpers in this The neurilemma of the Schwann cell forms a REGENERATION TUBE that guides regeneration of the severed axon
66
Why can't severed axons can regenerate in the CNS
microglia poorly clean up area of damage – debridement is not complete No neurilemma to form a regeneration tube to guide growth of severed axon Presence of growth-inhibiting proteins in the CNS inhibit regeneration of a severed axon
67
Ions make up inside and out of a neuron cell
More potassium ions inside cell and more sodium ions outside
68
Neuron resting membrane potential (RMP)
-70mV to -90mV, caused by plasma membrane channels and the concentration of different ions
69
Stages of action potential
1. resting state around -70 to -90 2. depolarization of cell, sodium channels open causing sodium influx, causes a big shot up at -55 3. the peak is at about +30 and sodium channels then close then repolarization happens, potassium channels open causing potassium efflux, 4. hyper polarization or undershoot, potassium gates are too slow to close causing the membrane potential to go past -70 5. sodium potassium pump, pumps both ions to get back resting level
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Sodium symbol
Na+
71
Potassium symbol
K+
72
3 characteristics of a action potential
All-or-none phenomenon, Self propagating, every action potential is the same (stronger stimulus just means higher frequency)
73
All-or-none phenomenon
An action potential will be generated if depolarization reaches a threshold potential (-55)
74
Self propagating of an action potential
once generated by the axon, it is propagated down the axon to the axonal terminals; a propagated or transmitted action potential is called a nerve IMPULSE
75
What makes a strong vs week stimulus when it comes to action potentials
All action potentials traced have the same shape and the SAME amplitude (+30mV) irrespective of stimulus strength. Thus, the difference between a stronger stimulus that causes the generation of an action potential and a weaker stimulus that causes the generation of an action potential is that the stronger stimulus causes the impulse to be generated at a higher frequency than the weaker stimulus
76
2 refractory periods of a action potential
Absolute Refractory Period: coincides with the depolarization phase of the action potential when sodium channels are opened and therefore another action potential cannot be generated because all the Na+ channels are already opened, and depolarization is already occurring Relative Refractory Period: coincides with the repolarization phase of the action potential when the sodium channels are closed ( potassium channels are open) thus, an exceptionally strong stimulus can cause sodium channels to open to allow for sodium ion influx leading to depolarization and the generation of another action potential
77
Factors affecting the rate of impulse transmission = Conduction Velocity
Diameter of the axon – larger axons transmit impulses at a faster rate than smaller axons because the larger axon have larger diameter and therefore presents with less resistance impulse transmission Degree of myelination – myelinated axons transmit impulses at a faster rate than unmyelinated axons. Myelinated axons use SALTATORY conduction where action potentials are generated only at the nodes of Ranvier hence, the impulse “jumps from node to node down the axon Unmyelinated axons use CONTINUOUS conduction where action potentials developed stepwise across the entire axolemma
78
Group A fibers, what makes them and what the innervate
have the largest diameter and heavily myelinated: transmit impulse at the rate of 150 m/s ( 335 miles per hour). Ex. Motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
79
Group B fibers, what makes them and what the innervate
intermediate diameter and lightly myelinated (with wider gaps of nodes of ranvier); transmit impulses at a rate of 15 m/s (33 miles per hour)
80
Group C fibers, what makes them and what the innervate
smallest diameters and unmyelinated; transmit impulses at a rate of 1 m/s (2.2 miles per hour) Ex. Postganglionic autonomic fibers that innervate smooth muscle’ pain fibers main pain fibers
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A&P1 Final Exam (3 decks)

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