Nervous System

Question 1

What is gray matter?

Answer 1

unmyelinated neurons that contain capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies, and dendrites

Question 2

What is white matter?

Answer 2

myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers without dendrites

Question 3

How many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 3

31 pairs:

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Question 4

What are ganglia?

Answer 4

clusters or swellings of cells that give rise to peripheral and central nerve fibers; divided into sensory and autonomic ganglia

Question 5

What does limbic system control?

Answer 5

mood, emotion, storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, emotional responses to food

Question 6

What does somatic nervous system do?

Answer 6

peripheral and motor nerve fibers that control voluntary mvts and provide ability to sense touch, smell, sigh, taste, sound

Question 7

Left hemisphere dominance

Answer 7

language, sequence mvts, understand language, produce written and spoken language, analytical, controlled, logical, rational, math calculations, positive emotions such as love and happiness, process verbally coded info in logical manner

Question 8

Right hemisphere dominance

Answer 8

nonverbal processing, process info, artistic abilities, concept comprehension, spatial relationships, kinesthesia, understand music, understand nonverbal communication, math reasoning, express negative emotions, body image awareness

Question 9

Frontal lobe impairment

Answer 9

contralat weakness, perseveration, inattention, personality changes, antisocial behavior, impaired concentration and apathy, BROCA’s aphasia (expressive), delayed or poor initiation, emotional lability

Question 10

Frontal lobe function

Answer 10

voluntary mvt, intellect
broca’s area (primarily in left hemisphere) for speech
personality, temper, judgment, reasoning, behaivor, self-awareness

Question 11

Parietal lobe function

Answer 11

sensation of touch, kinesthesia, vibration, temp
receives info from other areas of brain about hear, vision, motor, sensory,memory
provides meaning for objects
interprets language and words
spatial and visual perception

Question 12

Parietal lobe dysfunction impairments

Answer 12

dominant hemisphere (usually in left hemisphere) agraphia, alexia, agnosia
non-dominant hemisphere dressing, apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
contralat sensory deficits
impaired language comprehension
impaired taste

Question 13

Temporal lobe function

Answer 13

auditory processing and olfaction
Wernicke’s area (usually in left hemisphere) for ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language
interpret other people’s emotions and reactions

Question 14

Temporal lobe dysfunction impairments

Answer 14

learning deficits
Wernicke's aphasia
antisocial, aggressive
difficulty with facial recognition
difficulty with memory, memory loss
inability to categorize objects

Question 15

Occipital lobe function

Answer 15

main processing center for visual info
processes visual info regarding colors, light, shapes
judgment of distance, seeing in 3D

Question 16

Occipital lobe dysfunction impairments

Answer 16

homonymous hemianopsia
impaired extraocular muscle mvt and visual deficits
impaired color recognition
reading and writing impairment
cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement

Question 17

thalamus

Answer 17

relay or processing station for majority of info that goes to cerebral cortex
damage can produce thalamic pain syndrom where there’s spontaneous pain on contralateral side of body to lesion

Question 18

Hypothalamus

Answer 18

receives and integrates info from ANS and assists in regulating hormones
controls functions such as hunger, thirst, sex, sleep
Regulates body temp, adrenal glands, pituitary gland
Lesions can produce obesity, sexual disinterest, poor temp control, and diabetes insipidus

Question 19

Subthalamus

Answer 19

Regulates mvts produced by skeletal muscles and has assoc with basal ganglia and substantia nigra

Question 20

Epithalamus

Answer 20

represented by pineal gland that secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms and emotions; assoc with limbic system and basal ganglia

Question 21

What is in diencephalon?

Answer 21

thalamus hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus

Question 22

Cerebrum

Answer 22

right and left joined by white matter, termed corpus callosum, which relays info from one side to other
outer surface of cerebrum is termed gray matter
inferior is white matter

Question 23

What is in telencephalon?

Answer 23

cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala

Question 24

Sylvian fissure

Answer 24

anterior portion separates temporal and frontal lobes

posterior portion separates temporal and parietal lobes

Question 25

Sulcus of rolando

Answer 25

aka central sulcus, separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally

Question 26

Hippocampus

Answer 26

embedded within lower temporal lobe responsible for process of forming and storing new memories learning language

Question 27

Basal ganglia

Answer 27

gray matter masses located within white matter of cerebrum; responsible for voluntary mvt, regulation of autonomic mvt, posture, muscle tone, control of motor responses Dysfunction assoc with PD, Huntington's, Tourette's, ADD, OCD, addictions

Question 28

Amygdala

Answer 28

within temporal lobes of each hemisphere | emotional and social processing, involved with fear and pleasure, arousal, formation of emotional memories

Question 29

What does midbrain do?

Answer 29

relays info from cerebrum, cerebellum, and SC reflex center for visual, auditory, tactile responses key areas are tectum and tegmentum

Question 30

What makes up hindbrain?

Answer 30

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 31

Pons

Answer 31

assists with regulation of respiration rate and is assoc with orientation of head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli CN V-VIII originate from pons

Question 32

Medulla oblongata

Answer 32

Myelencephalon influences ANS and regulation of respiration and HR reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing Damage causes contralat impairment relays somatic sensory info from organs and control of arousal and sleep CN IX-XII originate from here

Question 33

Brainstem

Answer 33

consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata relay system primitive functions: HR regulation and RR Reticular activating system found here damage can cause brain death majority of CN originate within brainstem

Question 34

What arteries supply blood to brain?

Answer 34

2 internal carotid A and 2 vertebral A | branches form circle of willis

Question 35

Impairments if ant cerebral A is compromised

Answer 35

``` contralat LE motor and sensory loss of B&B loss of behavioral inhibition mental changes, neglect aphasia, apraxia, agraphia perseveration akinetic mutism ```

Question 36

Impairments if mid cerebral A is compromised

Answer 36

``` most common site of CVA Wernicke's aphasia in dom hemi homonymous hemianopsia apraxia flat affect with R hemi damage contralat weakness and sensory loss of face and UE>LE impaired spatial relations anosognosia in non-dom hemi impaired body schema ```

Question 37

Impairments if post cerebral A is compromised

Answer 37

``` contralat pain and temp loss, hemiplegia ataxia, athetosis impaired mvt quality thalamis pain syndrome anomia hemiballismus visual agnosia homonymous hemianopsia impaired memoria alexia, dyslexia cortical blindness ```

Question 38

Impairments if vertebral-basilar A compromised

Answer 38

``` loss of consciousness, syncope hemiplegia comotose inability to speak locked in syndrome vertigo, nystagmus dysphagia, dysarthria ataxia ```

Question 39

What makes CSF?

Answer 39

choroid plexus in ventricles

Question 40

What is syringomyelia?

Answer 40

excess CSF in spinal cord